Ngubani kuqala babuka izwe: Magellan uhambo

Buza noma umfundi ngokuthi ubani lokuqala babuka izwe, futhi uzozwa: ". Yebo, Magellan" Futhi bambalwa abantu baqale ukungabaza lawo mazwi. Kodwa Magellan ihlelwe bomkhankaso, iqondiswe ke, bese uqedela hambo bahluleka. Ngakho owayenguyise Itilosi ngowokuqala circumnavigate wonke?

Izikhangibavakashi Magellan sika

Ngo-1516, i-wohlanga olukhulu usithe uFerdinand Magellan wafika isiPutukezi King uManuel I nomqondo ukusebenzisa uhlelo yaseColumbus - ukufinyelela Spice Islands, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo ke le Moluccas, evela entshonalanga. Njengoba sazi, Columbus ke "uvinjelwe" America, ubonakele waqhubeka nendlela yakhe, wacabanga iziqhingi-mpumalanga Asia.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Portuguese wenzé ngomkhumbi eziqhingini zase-East Indies, kodwa ngokudlula Afrika futhi uwela-Indian Ocean. Ngakho-ke, indlela entsha kulezi ziqhingi kwakungasebenzeki ezidingekayo.

Umlando kwaphinda kwenzeka usulu iNkosi Manuel Magellan usephendukele inkosi iSpanishi futhi imvume yakhe ukuhlela bomkhankaso.

Septhemba 20, 1519 imikhumbi emihlanu ngomkhumbi esuka ethekwini Spanish San Lucar de Barrameda.

Magellan iziphuphutheki

Akekho izingxabano iqiniso elingokomlando lokuthi uhambo lokuqala emhlabeni wonke wenza bomkhankaso eholwa Magellan. On the vicissitudes endleleni lokhu uhambo amadlingozi eyaziwa emazwini Pigafetta, owagcina irekhodi zonke izinsuku zokuhamba. abahlanganyeli wayo abathetheli ezimbili, baye bavakashela ngokuphindaphindiwe iziqhingi zase-East Indies: Barbosa futhi Serrano.

Futhi ikakhulukazi kulo mkhankaso Magellan wathatha isigqila sakhe - Malay Enrique. Yena elathunjwa ESumatra futhi sekuyisikhathi eside bekhonza ngokwethembeka Magellan. On uhambo kuye ukudlala indima umhumushi uma befika Spice Islands.

Inkambo bomkhankaso

Eselahle isikhathi esiningi ukuwela -Atlantic Ocean kanye udabula enamadwala strait emincane futhi eside, kamuva wathola igama Magellan, lezihambi wafika olwandle entsha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, enye imikhumbi Ngishoné, omunye waya emuva Spain. ngesakhiwo kwatholakala ngokumelene Magellan. Tackle imikhumbi okudinga ukulungiswa, kanye nokudla amanzi okuphuza babegijima ongaphakeme.

Ocean ngokuthi Pacific, kuqala wahlangana Tailwind ezinhle, kodwa kamuva akabange buthaka futhi ekugcineni wafa ngokuphelele phansi. Abantu bancishwa ukudla, befa hhayi kuphela ngenxa yendlala, nakuba kwakudingeka badle futhi amagundane, kanye lezinsika zemikhumbi isikhumba. Ingozi main kwaba ukhwekhwe - isiphepho wonke amatilosi yesikhathi.

bona Mashi 28, 1521 kuphela ufinyelelwe iziqhingi, ogama abakhileyo emangele waphendula imibuzo Enrique ababekhuluma ulimi lwakubo. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi Magellan nabangane bakhe befika iziqhingi zase-East Indies, ngakolunye uhlangothi. Futhi lokho Enrique - isihambi wokuqala ngqá ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke! Yena waphindela kwelakubo, uya emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuphela uhambo

April 21, 1521 Magellan wabulawa ngokungenela empini yombango zabaholi bendawo. It yaba nethonya elibi kakhulu abangane bakhe, ngubani baphoqeleka ukuba umane ukubaleka isiqhingi.

Iningi lezinsizwa ezingu-kwalimala. Leqembu 265-umuntu kwesokunxele 150 kuphela, basuke nje kwadingeka ngokwanele ukuba uphathe imikhumbi emibili.

Esiqhingini Tidore, bakwazi ukuthola ukuphumula, ubuyise amasheya ukudla, ukusithatha izinongo ibhodi nesihlabathi segolide.

Endleleni emuva Spain wahamba ngomkhumbi nje "Victoria" olwenziwa Sebastian del Cano. Buyela emuva Lucar port wabuya ingqikithi abantu 18! Laba bantu yibo abangabantwana kuqala uhambo lokuzungeza umhlaba. Nokho, amagama abo ungazange lalondolozwa. Kodwa uCaptain del Cano nokuvakasha Umlobi womlando Pigafetta nje kuphela-mlando zokuma kwendawo.

Eyokuqala yalolu hambo Russian emhlabeni wonke

Inhloko Russian uhambo yezwe yokuqala kwaba Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Lolu hambo senzeka ngo 1803-1806 GG.

umkhumbi ababili ngomkhumbi - "Ethembeni" iphansi kwesandla sika-Kruzenshtern futhi "iNeva" eliholwa nomsizi wakhe Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - babevela Kronstadt Agasti 7, 1803. Inhloso esemqoka kwaba ukufunda siphakathi nePacific, ikakhulukazi emlonyeni Amur. Kwakudingekile ukuhlonza elula yokupaka isikhala Russian Pacific Fleet nemizila engcono ukunikezela imizila yayo.

Lolu hambo kwakungewona nje kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwakhiwe Pacific Fleet, kodwa futhi Usebe negalelo elikhulu isayensi. iziqhingi Elisha babengamaJuda wathola, kodwa siqothulwe ibalazwe olwandle iziqhingi eziningana non-akukho. Waqale waqala ukutadisha ngendlela ehlelekile olwandle. Expedition wavula Mezhpassatnye sokufudumeza ePacific nasolwandle Atlantic, ulinganise izinga lokushisa lamanzi, usawoti, kunqunywa kwabantu amanzi ... kwakufanele athole ukuthi izizathu ukuvutha kolwandle, eqoqwe idatha amagagasi nolwazi sezulu izithako ezindaweni ezahlukene izilwandle.

ukuhluzwa abalulekile Kuye kwenziwa ibalazwe Ekude yeRussia nogu Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, eKamchatka Peninsula. Ngokokuqala ngqá babeke phezu kwalo kwezinye iziqhingi Japanese.

Abahlanganyeli bomkhankaso futhi babe nalezo abaseRussia, owaqala babuka izwe.

Kodwa iningi abaseRussia, lokhu uhambo is yiqiniso lokuthi "Ethembeni" waya Japan umkhankaso wokuqala Russian eholwa Rezanov ezaziwayo.

yesibili Omkhulu (Managing)

I eyiNgisi Frensis Dreyk waba umuntu yesibili circumnavigate imbulunga in 1577-1580 GG. galleon yakhe "Golden Hind" owawuse okokuqala kusukela Atlantic Ocean lize lifike Pacific strait olunesivunguvungu kamuva ngegama lakhe. Le ndlela ubhekwa yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana kuka Strait of Magellan ngenxa iziphepho njalo, zeqhwa, izinguquko sezulu kungazelelwe. Drake ndoda yokuqala ngahambisa izincwajana kuso sonke emhlabeni, ukuba oyindilinga eCape Horn. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, phakathi amatilosi Ngaqala isiko egqoke namacici endlebeni. Uma sekudlule le Drake uMzila, kokushiya eCape Horn ngakwesokudla, icici kwakufanele kube endlebeni yangakwesokudla, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Ngenxa yosizo lwakhe, Frensis Dreyk ukuthi knighted Korolevoy Elizavetoy mathupha. Nguye edingekayo ukunqoba abaseSpain "Armada Invincible" yabo.

Ngo-1766, i-waseFrance Zhanna Barre baba owesifazane wokuqala ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wasishintsha indoda angena umkhumbi SaseBougainville, waya round bomkhankaso izwe, ngokuthi inceku. Lapho nenkohliso phendla naphezu kwazo zonke izimo zawo, Barre Wawusemhlabathini Mauritius futhi wabuyela ekhaya kwenye umkhumbi.

I lwesibili oluyingqopha-Russian emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi kobuholi FF Bellingshausen futhi MP Lazarev idume yokuthi ngesikhathi Antarctica kuye kwatholakala ngoJanuwari 1820.