Kumiswa, Indaba
Impi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829): izimbangela, imiphumela, imicimbi main (etafuleni)
Enye neMpi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) kwabangelwa izimbangela ezimbalwa ezisemqoka. Chief phakathi kwawo kwakukhona ingxabano phezu sisebunzimeni, okwavulela kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama luya eMedithera.
besebunzimeni inkinga
Wema phezu Bosphorus Istanbul - inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseTurkey. kwaba ngowokuqala omkhulu waseConstantinople (lwamaSlav walibiza ngokuthi iConstantinople). Kuze 1453 lapho laliyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Leli zwe baba umbhidisi iSonto Lobu-Orthodox eRussia. Ngakho-ke, eMoscow (bese Petersburg) Ababusi babekholelwa ukuthi banelungelo elingokomthetho lokuba umuzi, owawungumnyaka inqaba eyinhloko ubuKristu phezu zeminyaka.
Yiqiniso, ngaphezu kwakukhona izizathu ngemibono nezizathu kokwenzekayo. ukufinyelela Mahhala lubhekisele oLwandle iMedithera kungaba lula ukuhweba ezweni lethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyoba isizathu esisodwa ngaphezulu ukuqinisekisa isimo sayo njengomholi omunye imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu.
Ingxabano eCaucasus
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, Turkey sehle kakhulu abasasilele emuva kakhulu ekuthuthukeni nomakhelwane bayo. Russia unqobile ngezimpi eziningana ne kulelo zwe futhi abe esekwazi ukungena oLwandle Olumnyama.
Nokho, isiboshwa nge Turkey ukuthula kwaba kuphela kuthula. Nempi Yokuba Nesithakazelo enanela ngisho iminyaka lapho kungekho ukulwa phakathi izimbangi. Sikhuluma eCaucasus.
Ngo 1818, amabutho Russian usuqalile impi ngokumelene Highlanders - abakhileyo bomdabu esifundeni. Inhloko umkhankaso kwaba u-Aleksey Ermolov. Nokho, ibutho lethu alwa kanzima ne bezintaba ngoba lokho engakaze ingashintshwa ukuze impi ezintabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi eCaucasus wasiza Turkey ngokwayo, okuyinto wathengisa ngabo izikhali. Ukugeleza izibhamu, izibhamu nemali, okuyinto wadabula yoMbuso WaseTurkey wavumela bezintaba amashumi eminyaka ngempumelelo dudula ukuhlaselwa Russian. Ngokuqinisekile, e Petersburg bebawati usizo amaSulumane amaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829) kwadingeka ukuba ayeke lokhu oyinhlekelele Russian Empire nokubambisana izimbangi.
umbuzo Greek
Ekugcineni, Sizatfu sesitsatfu lesenta kube ukungqubuzana kwala mazwe womabili kwaba inguquko ngesiGreki. Ngakho historiography ke ngokuthi National Movement of the abantu Balkan. Abambalwa eminyaka bezizwe ngaphansi kokubusa Turkish. ngokohlanga abangu kulekelelwa zenkolo. NamaSulumane ngokuvamile abacindezelwe amaKristu.
Ngo 1821, ukuvukelwa amaGreki, okuyinto yaphenduka impi yeminyaka eminingi ukuzimela. AmaKristu asekelwe emazweni amaningi-European: iGreat Britain, iFrance neRussia. sultan Turkish waphendula yokucindezelwa okukhulu ngokumelene amaGreki. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-isiqhingi saseKrethe ifile nababhishobhi abakhulu eziningana wedolobha ngesikhathi enkonzweni.
Impi e-Turkey ishayé emnothweni Russian. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama-ke waqala ukukhula okusheshayo Odessa. Lokhu entsha Black Sea port isibe zone khulula kwezomnotho, lapho kungekho imisebenzi. Ngo sokuthula, amakhulu emikhumbi ngomkhumbi lapha. Iningi lazo okwakungokweNkosi kwezihloko isiGreki Christian yoMbuso WaseTurkey.
Ngenxa yalokhu, Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829) sona sasingagwemeki. Kuphela ngempoqo bangasiza amaGreki ukumisa esibucayi emnothweni izifunda eseningizimu yaleli zwe. Lapho kuphela iMpi ngesiGreki uqalile nje, imithetho Russian Alexander I. Wayekhona akukho isimo ukulwa. Kulokhu amsekela le ohlakaniphile Austria. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Russia bugcine phakathi izenzo ongokomfanekiso ngokumelene abaseTurkey.
Isinqumo Nicholas mina
Nokho, ngo-1825 iziphathimandla ziye yasiphendula nomfowabo omncane u-Alexander - UNicholas. Lapho esemusha, ukuqeqeshelwa ezempi, ngoba akekho owayecabanga ukuthi wayeyoba yindlalifa. Hlela ngemva kuka-Alexander omunye umfowenu - Constantine, kodwa wenqaba sobukhosi. By endleleni, le nkosana omkhulu okuthiwa e yokudumisa umbusi omkhulu yaseRoma eyasungulwa waseByzantium. Kwakuyisikhathi isenzo ufanekisela uCatherine II - ke kubeka umzukulu wakhe phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi eConstantinople (Istanbul).
imfundo Military nemikhuba Nicholas wake wanikeza ngokwayo wazizwa. Izwe waqala ukulungiselela for kwengxabano ingxabano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Nicholas wafuna ukuba siphishekele Inqubomgomo ezimele angaphandle, hhayi ukubheka umbimbi European, abavame wayeka Alexander. Amandla Western wayengafuni oluqinisayo ngokweqile yeRussia. Njengomthetho, bazama ukulinganisela amabutho esifundeni, okuyinto Yiqiniso, akakuthandanga UNicholas. Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829) kwaba sokubhubhisa lesi simiso iqondene nezithiyo nezilinganiso. Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele isiqephu ahlukene LamaGreki Revolution futhi umzabalazo ukuzimela (1821-1830).
Impi yase-Navarino
Ngo 1827, e oLwandle iBaltic waqala ukulungiselela lo isigaba, okuyinto obekumele ukuya eNingizimu Pacific. UMbusi u-Nicholas labetibambile umbukiso zemikhosi lisuka imikhumbi e Kronstadt.
Endaweni ye-Ionian Islands isigaba Russian wajoyina ngezitsha ahlangene kusukela eFrance naseNgilandi. Ndawonye baya Navarino Bay, lapho imikhumbi-Turkish neGibhithe. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze ukuphoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey ukumisa izinqubomgomo zokucindezela ngokumelene amaGreki, futhi babanike ukuzimela. Inhloko isigaba isiRashiya kwakuwulimi engemuva Admiral Ngemvume Heyden. Wasikisela ukuthi oMfelandawonye ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala kakhulu. Ukuphathwa jikelele yanikwa eBritish Admiral Edward Codrington.
Ithimba Turkish zilethwe ugwayi katiki: ayeke izenzo yalwa amaGreki. Yena (Ibrahim Pasha) kwesokunxele lo mlayezo engaphenduliwe. Khona-ke u-Admiral Russian usithonyile amabutho oMfelandawonye ukungena bay futhi baqala impi ngokumelene abaseTurkey kuleli cala, uma uvula umlilo. La mabutho kuhlangene eziningi yempi, frigates, brigs (izibhamu Imininingwane mayelana 1,300). Imikhumbi isitha ezazithe amakhulu (e inani ayizinkulungwane 22 amatilosi kuwo).
Ngalesi sikhathi, imikhumbi-Turkish abangu usufikile. Bakhandwa ivikeleke kahle njengoba isibalo Navarino kwaba inqaba, okungase ukuvula wezikhali umlilo imikhumbi isitha. I bay yona yasala ogwini olusentshonalanga yePeloponnese.
Codrington yayifisa ukuba sigweme ukulwa ukuncenga Ibrahim Pasha, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izikhali. Nokho, lapho umkhumbi waseRussia "Azov" Ufake bay kuso esevulela ngenhlamvu ebhekise kubanikazi ingxenye amabhethri Turkish, ivuliwe Sphacteria isiqhingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo abaseTurkey wabulala izithunywa ezimbili ezivela eNgilandi. Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okukhulu umlilo evulekile, imikhumbi Allied awahlangabezananga kuze kube ingathathwa labo dispositions eziye elibekelwe kubo njengokomumo ally uhlelo. Admirals singase sivale ngokuphelele ngoxhaxha Turkish olwandle. Lokhu lula yokuthi izwe sivaliwe bay nge izinhlangothi ezintathu (Sfaktoriya siqhingi ezwekazini). Yahlala ukuvala strait ewumngcingo, lapho waya imikhumbi European.
Kuphela lapho Allied imikhumbi usufikile ku wavula umlilo ephendula. Le mpi yathatha amahora angaphezu kwamane. Uneqhaza elikhulu ukuba ukunqoba wenza Russian nesiNgisi (Umkhuzi French ngesikhathi impi uhlulekile ukulawula emikhunjini yabo).
"Azov" ikakhulukazi owayevelele in izimoto zethu. Wakhonza njengephayona Nakhimov uLieutenant futhi midshipman Kornilov - namaqhawe esizayo kanye nezimpawu besizukulwane seMpi YaseCrimea. Nge ukuqala bay ngobusuku ovuthayo imililo eminingi. I-Turks wabhubhisa imikhumbi yaphihlizeka, kangangokuthi ziye hhayi efika isitha. I oMfelandawonye akazange alahlekelwe umkhumbi owodwa, nakuba, ezifana Russian "Hanko" wathola izimbobo, anamanci mahlanu.
Kwaba impi Navarino Bay ubhekwa Esanduleleni, okuyinto kwaphawulwa empini Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829. (Nakuba liqale ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva). Kwake kwathi ngo-Istanbul, sezwa ukuthi ukunqotshwa Sultan Mahmud Ii wenza isikhalazo izikhonzi zakhe. Wayala bonke amaSulumane sokulungiselela jihad ngokumelene baseYurophu, kuhlanganise Russian. Yaqala kanjalo impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829.
impi Naval
Uhulumeni wethu uye wathula isikhashana. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo baqhubeka empini ePheresiya nase Petersburg, akekho owayefuna impi nezimpi ezimbili. Ekugcineni, enza isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngo-February ne Iran. April 14, 1828 , uNicholas mina usayine Manifesto nempi waseTurkey.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-isigaba Russian, okuyinto nengxenye Battle of Navarino, usalungiswa ethekwini Malta. Lesi siqhingi kwaba impahla e-United Kingdom. AmaNgisi akazange ayisekele Russia e impi yayo yokulwa Turkey (futhi zithinteka zezombusazwe European). Britain limenyezelwe ukungathathi hlangothi yayo. Turkey Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni zayo ezingaphezu izikhonzi engasafuni ukuqinisa Russia. Ngakho-ke, isigaba lesatibekela Malta ukuze ugweme izingxabano ezingadingekile. Yena wathuthela esiqhingini Paros e-Aegean Sea, okuyinto imithombo Russian ebizwa ngokuthi Archipelago kuya kweleshumi XX.
Kwaba imikhumbi yakhe wathatha igalelo kuqala abaseTurkey empini evulekile. Ngo-April 21, kwakukhona impi asolwandle phakathi ezindala zaseGibhithe naseSiriya Russian corvette yempi "Iezikil". Ukunqoba kwaba sekugcineni. I kugqashuka impi ngo-oLwandle iBaltic ukuth nginilungisela imikhumbi ambalwa fresh ayeyile wokutakula eMediterranean Sea (sokuhlupheka woLwandle Olumnyama, yebo, isivaliwe). Lokhu neMpi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) wawunzima. Izizathu isidingo azowalekelela ukungabi imikhumbi ukuvimba lo iDardanelles Strait.
Nokuvinjelwa kwe-iDardanelles
Lokhu msebenzi wanikwa ngoxhaxha ngonyaka wokuqala empini. Kwakudingekile ukuba anqume supply yokudla kusukela Istanbul nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Uma ukuvinjelwa yasungulwa, neMpi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), izenzakalo main Kwakusazofika, bathuthela ezingeni ehluke ngokuphelele. Izwe lethu bazokwazi ukuba athathe isinyathelo amasu ezandleni zabo.
Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829), etafuleni kuyinto umbukiso omuhle, lwenziwe ezimweni okungenani zilingana. Ngakho-ke, it is adingeka ukuthola inzuzo ukuvinjelwa ezinjalo. Ngu Strait ephethwe frigates nezinye izitsha. IDardanelles wavinjwa ngu ngomhlaka 2 November. imikhumbi Russian iqhaza ekusebenzeni, esekelwe iziqhingi ezintathu ezilandelayo (amaMoor Tasso futhi Tenedos).
| May 1828 | Ukuqala nokuvinjelwa the iDardanelles |
| Juni 23, 1828 | Capture Kirs |
| Agasti 9, 1828 | Ahaltsikhski impi |
| Septhemba 29, 1828 | Capture Varna |
| May 30, 1829 | Impi yase-kulevicha |
| Agasti 7, 1829 | Ukuthwebula Adrianople |
| Septhemba 2, 1829 | izwe Adrianople |
Nokuvinjelwa iye nzima omisiwe sezulu ebusika (ngezindinganiso sendawo). Leso sichotho sashiya kukhalwa futhi umoya onamandla. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, amatilosi Russian lolungenamaphutsa kwenziwe yonke imisebenzi ebekwe phambi kwabo. Istanbul iye nginqume izimpahla, sisuka iMedithera.
LaseSmirna wedwa ayesezohlubuka 150 imikhumbi abathengisi kabani isinkwa spoilt njengoba ezingadingekile. Kuze kwaphela impi, akukho umkhumbi-Turkish ayikwazanga udabula iDardanelles. Kuze Agasti 1829 wahola nokuvinjelwa Admiral Heyden. Lapho amasosha Russian wafika Adrianople, le isigaba wayengaphansi Johann Dibicha - induna umsuka Prussian. Imikhumbi yayilungiselela wafohla iDardanelles. Ngenxa yalesi Kwakudingeka nje umyalelo kusuka Petersburg. Russian amabutho wanqoba phezu kwezwe, okuyinto kwaqinisekisa ukuphumelela ukusebenza. Nokho, asilandelwanga oda. Ngokushesha ngemva ukuthula kwasayinwa, futhi phezu Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829). Izizathu zalokhu ukubambezeleka becashe yokuthi kwemibuso yaseYurophu, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, wayengathandi ukuba ekunqobeni kokugcina yeRussia. Ukuthatha Istanbul kungaholela ukuthi yayiyobe iqale impi yonke West (kuqala kunazo zonke - eNgilandi).
Ngo 1830, yonke imikhumbi abalwe eMedithera, senibuyele oLwandle iBaltic. Ukukhethwa kwaba "u-Imanuweli," okuyinto ezinikelwe to the Greeks, yathola uzibuse.
Balkans
The main force Russian esifundeni kwaba iDanube ibutho (izinkulungwane zabantu 95). Turkey possessed akuxhomekile esikhudlwana by cishe ingxenye yako.
UMfula IDanube sebutho ukuthatha ubukhulu, elise somfula lo mfula: eMoldavia, Wallachia futhi Dobrogea. Amasosha elaliholwa Petr Vitgenshteyn. Waya eBessarabia. Ngakho ezwekazini waqala Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829). Ithebula ubonisa i-aspect ratio kule ndawo.
| Russia | Turkey | |
| amabutho amaqembu | 95000 | 150000 |
| ukulahlekelwa | 5000 | 10000 |
Eyokuqala wawa inqaba enkulu Braila. Ukuvinjezelwa Varna futhi Shumla. Usalindele Turkish isikaniso ukwesekwa, Wallachia, nempi ebalulekile, okwakubekelwa iwine ohlangothini Russian. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-butho lesitha ovinjezelwe wahlala ngaphandle kwethemba usizo kusukela bakubo. Khona-ke edolobheni yadluliselwa.
Umkhankaso 1829
In the new 1829 ukubeka Wittgenstein wavuswa Johann Dibich. Yanikwa umsebenzi phambi kwakhe - ukuwela Balkans futhi wafinyelela enhloko-dolobha Turkish. Naphezu kokugqashuka kwalesi sifo wezempi, amasosha kwenziwe umsebenzi wabo. I Adrianople lokuqala wavinjezelwa (beza kuye ngo-Agasti 7). Izimbangela empini Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829 ukulawula eStraits, ayengamakhulu impela.
Garrison besingalindele ukuthi Dibicha ibutho okungako e ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Ngenxa yokuswela ngxabano umkhuzi bavumelana sokunikela edolobheni. Ngo Adrianople ibutho Russian uye wathola eliningi omkhulu izikhali kanye nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile, ukuze sithole kuphela ukwakha isizinda kuleli esifundeni.
Le mpumelelo okusheshayo ngishaqekile wonke umuntu. Turkey bavumelana ukuxoxisana, kodwa imisiwe ngamabomu, benethemba lokuthi-England nase-Austria kuyodingeka ukumsiza.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Albanian Pasha waya Bulgaria enempi 40-eyinkulungwane. iqhinga lakhe wayengathi uyonquma Dibicha ibutho emi Adrianople. Jikelele Kiselyov, ngaleso sikhathi kuqashelwe principalities Danubian, bamasha ukuhlangabezana isitha. Wakwazi ukuthatha kuqala Sofia - inhloko-dolobha yaseBulgaria. Ngenxa yalokhu, Mustafa wasala lutho futhi kwadingeka lilwe amandla athe xaxa, ukuze uthole ukusizakala eBulgaria. Wanquma ngokumelene nalo futhi Ngahlehla e-Albania. impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829, ngamafuphi, waba ngaphezulu futhi kuphumelele kakhulu eRussia.
phambi Caucasian
In parallel ngentuthuko zolwandle empini Balkans zenzeka eCaucasus. amabutho Russian esifundeni kwadingeka ukuba bahlasele Turkey omkhulu ovela ngemuva emotweni. Ngo-June 1828 wakwazi ukuthatha inqaba Kars. Inkambo impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829. lapha futhi kuba umusa yeRussia.
Esinye ukushaywa Ivana Paskevicha sebutho sasifisa nzima eziningi emizileni entabeni futhi nalesi sikhathi esinzima. Ekugcineni, ngo-July 22, wafika izindonga enqabeni Akhalkalaki. Lamabutho, basophula babegqoka kuphela abantu abayinkulungwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindonga nezivikelo Fort abekade labhidlika. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ikampu ayenqaba ukugoba uphondo.
Besabela kuleso simemo, izibhamu Russian amabhomu olunzulu uqalise. I inqaba wawa ngamahora nje amathathu. Infantry ngaphansi isembozo wezikhali yingcweti ngokushesha zonke izinqaba kanye nesiphephelo main. Yaba enye impumelelo, okuyinto esiyokhunjulwa neMpi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829). Le mpi esemqoka yayiba ngalesi sikhathi emazweni aseBalkan. ECaucasus, ibutho Russian ngenkathi belwa eziqhelelene encane, ekunqobeni izithiyo zemvelo.
5 Agasti, yena awela ngisho Kura. On inflow yayo khona inqaba ezibalulekile Akhaltsikh. 8 wezikhali umlilo wavulwa kuso. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze akhohlise ibutho 30000th lesitha, wayemi budebuduze. Futhi kwenzeka kanjalo. -Turks isinqumo sokuthi Paskevich ukulungiselela ukuba ahlasele le nqaba.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ibutho Russian sidled kuze kube isitha ngokungazelelwe ehlaselwa. Paskevich elahlekile amadoda 80 kwabulawa, kuyilapho abaseTurkey Ushiye yempi izidumbu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Izinsalela babaleka. Kamuva kwaba khona ukumelana olubonakalayo Georgia.
ECaucasus, Russian-Turkish neMpi (1828-1829), ngamafuphi, zigcine fiasco ngenxa yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Paskevich alithatha lonke Georgia yesimanje.
Eqinisweni Enelukuluku ukuthi imbongi omkhulu Alexander Pushkin ngalesi sikhathi baya ezweni. Uye wafakaza ekwindla ka Erzerum. Lesi siqephu kwachazwa umbhali emsebenzini "Journey Arzerum".
Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokhu, Paskevich ekhankasela ngempumelelo wokulwa nePheresiya, okuyiwona waba Ukubala. Ngemva banqobe abaseTurkey, wathola i the Order of St George bezinga lokuqala.
Ukuthula Imiphumela
Lapho baxoxisana abaseTurkey, Petersburg ukufuthelana mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi ingabe ukumisa impi, noma ingabe ukuthola Istanbul. UNicholas, obesanda wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi, waba manqikanqika. Wayengafuni ukungena ezingqubuzana Austria, lapho kuqhathaniswa nasekuqiniseni Russia.
Ukuze ukuxazulula le nkinga, i-emperor wamisa ikomiti ekhethekile. Kuhlanganisa nosaziwayo eziningi ababe osesikhundleni izimpikiswano ezaziphambi kwabo. Bona lathatha isinqumo owawuthi, kwanqunywa ukuba bayakhohlwa iConstantinople.
Amaphathi ezingxabanweni benzé ukuthula 2 Septhemba 1829. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we esayinwe Adrianople. Russia lithole emizini nasezindaweni eziningi ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidlulile somfula iDanube. Imiphumela impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829. futhi baphetha ngokuthi Port ukuqaphela kwathatha Russia ezifundazweni eziningana eCaucasus. Kwakuwusuku imibuso Georgian futhi principalities. I uMbuso WaseTurkey uphinde wakuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzohambisana ukuzimela eSerbia.
Zabulawa ngabomvu principalities Danubian - eMoldavia futhi Wallachia. On endaweni yawo kwakuyilawa amasosha Russian. Kwakudingekile wokuguqula kubo. Lawa kwakungamadodana Imiphumela ebalulekile impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829. Greece wathola ukuzimela (futhi ngemva konyaka - ukuzimela). Ekugcineni, Port kwadingeka ukuba ukhokhe lokumiswa ezinkulu.
Straits baba mahhala Russian imikhumbi yezohwebo. Kulokhu inkontileka akuyona ezilungisiwe isimo sabo phakathi nempi. Lokhu kwabangela ukungaqiniseki esikhathini esizayo.
Impi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), izizathu kanye nemiphumela izenzakalo main ezichazwe kule material, akazange athole umgomo waso oyinhloko. Empire wayesafuna ukuyokudla waseConstantinople, okuyinto wamelana eYurophu. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, izwe lethu liye laqhubeka nokwanda kwalo eningizimu.
Russian-Turkish neMpi, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. Thina waqinisekisa lokhu kuthambekela. Konke ibheke phansi e emashumini eminyaka ambalwa. Ngaphambi nje kokufa Nicholas ngaqala iMpi YaseCrimea, lapho amazwe aseYurophu obala asekelwe Turkey bashaya Russia. Ngemva ke u-Alexander II kwadingeka ukuba athambise isandla kule ndawo futhi ukwenza ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha esimweni.
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