Kumiswa, Indaba
KV. Tank "Klim Voroshilov". KV-1 ithangi Soviet
By ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ayehlome ngezibhamu noma iyiphi impi emhlabeni akunalo amathangi esindayo. Ngaphandle nje kwento eyodwa. I iRed Army ayenjalo.
Kungani sidinga amathangi esindayo
Impi - okungukuthi, ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi, kanzima, ezingcolile futhi kuyingozi kakhulu. Amabutho esikhathini esiningi uzibophezele ukumba emhlabathini. Njengoba ayeqhubeka ngeke luthathe inhlabathi, ayanda namathuba okuba sokusinda. Zikhona nezinye izinhlobo zomsebenzi, hhayi isikhathi ukudliwa, futhi ngayinye kuwo kudinga ithuluzi ezahlukene. Ukuze kuqhunyiswe ku iphuzu ngabanye Okuqondiwe ngeke akwenze webhomu esindayo - isidingo kuhlasela. Ukuze abhubhise ezingaba kwezezimboni isitha, othanda ukulwa kufanele isetshenziswe, kumele kube khona ekuhlaseleni ezazibalulekile empini, kanti kumele kube amaningi. amathangi Khanyisa ayadingeka ukuze kuphangwa ezijulile futhi ngokushesha, dlula isitha izivikelo bese udala "ephaketheni" lapho amayunithi amakhulu empi, zibancishe ukunikezela zokuxhumana, awukwazi eside ukusinda. Uma sithola isifaniso ngethuluzi ukusebenza, benza umsebenzi ikhaba, zivumelanise nezimo futhi ube elula. Kodwa kunezimo lapho udinga okuthile qinile nokucija kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi (ngembazo, isibonelo, noma imbazo). amathangi Heavy kudingeka uma Shintshela okusheshayo ebiyelweyo izikhundla ukuthatha, noma ayikwazi indiva, futhi kuthatha ikhefu methodical, a frontal negalelo elikhulu, destructional nasihe.
ngezihluthu futhi kwegazi e Karelia wafika ngo-December 1939. Kubi ashubisa umnkantsha, iqhwa afika okhalweni, ngaphansi ixhaphozi, futhi okokuqandisa. Uma izimo zezulu engeza ezimayini, ukuthola lapho kuyinkinga; umsebenzi lokudutshulwa; kungazelelwe ezivukayo emplacements oluthathwa evikelwe ukhonkolo obukhulu kwagcizelela; polar ebusuku, ezicindezelayo psyche; ukwehluleka ukwenza umlilo futhi kulungele nhlobo; amadwala ezifihlekile, futhi, ngaphansi eqhweni, futhi okuningi, kakhulu kangakanani, kusobala, "kungani ngakho eside matasa nohlobo oluthile Finland kancane". Onzima ukuphumelela "Mannerheim Line" ngokokuqala ngokuphamazela kwaba nendima amathangi ezibalulekile esindayo. ISoviet Union lapho sibhekene ubuholi uStalin wanquma ukusungula isibhakela-HeartnocularsEND_BOLDEND_FONT armored ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe. I-Finnish iMpi wathatha ingxenye amasampula zokuhlola, ikakhulukazi ye-QMS. Disemba 17, uzama ukunqoba le Hottinen enezivikelo eziqinile, omunye wabo anawo lama-20 Brigade ngesikhathi liqhuma i okwami anti-tank. Amatilosi ayizange balahlekelwa, kepha waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye imoto. Kwakungesinye zokusebenza lokuqala isikhali entsha.
tank Heavy njengoba kukhombisa Soviet imfundiso lempi
Amasosha umkhakha lutho wenziwa ngesizathu esithile. Kunzima ukucabanga nesimo lapho I. V Stalin iyona nabaqambi izimoto armored futhi, puffing at ipayipi wakhe, uthi: "Futhi ukwenza kwami umzuzu ithangi esindayo. Ngiyafuna ngempela yini-ke. Caprice ngami enjalo ... ". Kulokhu, ayikho isimo ayinayo imali eyanele ukuhlangabezana umsebenzi ophuthuma kakhulu ekuvikeleni imingcele yayo. Cha, yonke imisebenzi ayebekelwe ku ezibiyele ubuciko, ziye kugomela.
Ukwakha umshini lokulwa ohlangabezana nezidingo yesimanje lokushaya izikhali, waqala ekuqaleni kuka-1939, ofeza ngesinqumo iKomiti Yombuso yezokuVikela, esenziwa ngo-December 1938. Ngokusho imfundiso kaZiqu lempi eSoviet Union, ukulwa endabeni le kungenzeka (futhi esilindelekile) empini kwadingeka okumelwe zithuthukiswe kuleso yizwe lesitha leli ngaphansi kokuphikiswa yayo nenkani ngendlela efanele usaqala. ukungqubuzana uhlamvu enjalo yafuna ezithile izindlela lobuchwepheshe, ngakho abaklami banikwa elihambisana TK. Babesikisela ukuthi ngokusebenzisa izimfa ububanzi e emigqeni ukuzivikela kuzoyisa phambili amayunithi ezinkulu, ifakwe ukukhanya ithangi okusheshayo BT-class, yakwazi ukuqhubekela phambili imigwaqo ngesivinini. Nale simo kungenzeka, nge ephelele emoyeni ukuphakama ukunqoba waqinisekiswa nokulahlekelwa sakugcina.
Ukuqala design imisebenzi
Wayehola design ethangini QMS zh. Ya. Kotin, Umklami uMphathi Leningrad Kirov endaweni yokukhanda. Igama ayekhumbula umholi muva obuleweyo, inhloko yenhlangano nomcimbi, "iwumthombo inguquko." Enye imoto yasungulwa ngaphansi kobuholi A. Ermolaeva at inombolo embonini eseduze 185, yayibizwa ngokuthi T-100. Umqondo design yaleyo minyaka kwaba nxazonke, ngokukhethekile, omunye isiqondiso main kuyinto uhlelo zazilengela lapho wemboni umlilo kungaba isiyingi. Ngezinye SMK isisindo sasisikhulu kakhulu, futhi esikhundleni kwemibhoshongo ezintathu sinqume ukusungula amabili ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza egijima futhi yokubhuka.
Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala project umsebenzi iqembu abaqeqeshwayo iziqu Wammen (Military Academy imishini futhi motorisation) kubo. Stalin eholwa NF Shashmurina, ehlongoza ukuba siqhubeke: ukususa umbhoshongo eyodwa ngaphezulu (okuyinto nezifundiswa abasha bathole ngokweqile), ukufaka udizili esikhundleni likaphethiloli izinjini kanye nokunciphisa chassis ku ezinamasondo ezimbili. Empeleni, iqembu intuitively wafika scheme, egcwele zakudala sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe, baye bamukela umbono kuphela ayisihlanu.
Yavela kanjalo-ke Soviet KV- 1 ethangini.
Kusukela nemidwebo metal
Letha i-mono-umbhoshongo ithangi ethunywe umklami ehamba phambili N. L. Duhovu. Ukukhunjuzwa ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwakuyingozi kule minyaka Stalin, namuhla akekho okudingeka. Kokulibala singabangela shift umsebenzi ophezulu ngaphansi, ibhantshi quilted futhi isaha noma imbazo. umklami Eyinhloko KV umngane Imimoya abhekana ngayo umsebenzi. Ngokuyinhloko ngo-August amathangi esindayo KV futhi QMS sase okulungiselelwe bese wethulwa iKomiti Yombuso, kwathi ngo-September Kubinka nihlola phansi lanyakazisa nge ukubhonga izinjini ngesikhathi show onobuhle ezintsha. Ngokulinganayo ngokushesha wathatha ukwamukelwa kwabo enkonzweni, yayisivele "umkhankaso wenkululeko" eFinland, futhi le ndlela iwusizo. Abaklami futhi abanesifiso nekusebenta ukuthuthukiswa. Tank 'Klim Voroshilov "yangena epini.
Kanjani hf-2
Mannerheim umugqa waqiniswa kahle. Ngokungafani Maginot isiFulentshi, yena waphumula at emaphethelweni ogwini (entshonalanga eGulf of Finland, empumalanga Ladoga), nasemaceleni kwakungenakwenzeka. izinqaba eyakhelwe babe ngokuphumelelayo, ngezinga eliphezulu yokuzimela futhi zonke nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukuvikela. Ngokuvamile, esindayo ithangi KV wazibonisa kahle, kodwa 76 mm ubukhulu isibhamu kwakunganele aphule kwagcizelela ukhonkolo izakhiwo, ungqimba ezifihliwe inhlabathi. Kudingeka into ngempumelelo ngaphezulu, isibonelo, 152 mm howitzer, okwakukhona kakade enkonzweni, kudingeka Nokho esinamandla ugandaganda ugandaganda zokuhamba yayo. Leningrad Abaklami has inselelo entsha: ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezimbili ezibalulekile, inganono futhi chassis zilandelwa, kodwa namanje ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela iqembu crew isibhamu. Ngakho kwaba khona KV- 2 tank-Umgadli, okuhlose akuqede iyiphi izinqaba.
Esikhathini esiyiminyaka interwar
I-Finnish iMpi, nakuba kwaba olunegazi, baphela ngokushesha, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukukhiqizwa imishini esindayo, kuhlanganise uhlobo lokuvimbezela baqhubeka. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari ngowe-1940 Tank "Klim Voroshilov" ezinguqulweni ezimbili yasungulwa uchungechunge phezu LB (Leningrad Kirov ifektri), futhi kusukela ngo-June futhi CTZ (Chelyabinsk isitshalo okuthiwa ugandaganda). Futhi akulungile ukuba umphefumulo kuleyo minyaka laliphezulu kakhulu, hf Umhlangano wokuqala Ural aphume esitolo ngokushesha, futhi ukwakha lukwazi isakhiwo esihlukile, usayizi okusikisela ithuba elikhulu kakhulu. Asizange sibambe siyeka umsebenzi kanye nomklamo amaqembu, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta ncono ukusebenza lobuchwepheshe nokuxazulula ukwehla okuhlonziwe ngesikhathi lokulwa. Ekwindla we wamashumi amane kufanele avele amasampula amabili amasha nge zempi esindayo-90 mm nge wezikhali izikhali ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe (85 mm ubukhulu, okuyinto has ngisho akakwazanga dream emathangini avuzayo nomhlaba wonke). Ekupheleni konyaka kwakuhlelwe waphinde wabhekana nomunye umdondoshiya, kulokhu isivikelo 100-mm. Lezi Imishini ukuthuthukiswa imfihlo, bebizwa izinto 220, 221 kanye 222 Ukuze akekho owayazi ...
Ukuqhathanisa nesitha ezingaba
Ngo-1941, it kuhlelwe ukukhiqiza 1200 imishini esindayo, ikakhulukazi hf-1 - 400 hf-2 - 100 (kwalo wayephethe umsebenzi ucace kakhulu, kanye nesidingo kwaba ngezansi) kanye hf-3 - amaningi njengoba 500 izingcezu. Futhi kuphela eLeningrad! Enye amayunithi 200 kwakufanele sithathelwe indawo yizinto CTZ. Ngo-1949, ithangi esindayo KV- 1 futhi KV- 2 SuperCarrier bakhiqiza futhi inani elikhulu (243). Zonke iRed Army, kwakukhona 636. Kuningi noma kancane? mlando Soviet, ngichaze izizathu yesigemegeme Ehlobo lika-1941, waveza umbono wokuthi amathangi yesimanje sasingenayo. Noma kunjalo, bakhohlwa ukubalula iqiniso lokuthi Wehrmacht wawela umngcele wase-USSR kokuba ekuchithweni kwayo namathangi ezingaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kancane, futhi wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, baba mnene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elisha kubo kunzima kakhulu. blitzkrieg European kwaba Yiqiniso, ukuhamba kumnandi, kodwa injini weyengenandaba, ugqoke ngisho lapho ushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu muhle kakhulu. Car ashaqe eFrance neCzechoslovakia, futhi, akayanga ngokuqinile nanoma ikuphi ukuqhathaniswa ngisho ne BT yethu lula. Romania, ally laseJalimane lobuNazi, futhi ehlome nhlobo "Renault 17" (17 - Kube Yilo Nyaka, 1917 th), e-USSR, kwakukhona 2 izinto babefa iminyuziyamu.
Nokho, kusho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba khumbula ukuthi akukhona kuphela ukhiqiza amathangi esindayo eSoviet Union. Kwakukhona Ngokwesilinganiso, T-34, okungcono emhlabeni, futhi zazakhiwe ekhuthele kakhulu. Futhi ukukhanya, ababezikhiqiza inombolo okungakaze kubonwe amakhophi. Futhi izingalo, nokuvikelwa zempi, kanye nokusebenza izinjini (ikakhulu, ngasendleleni, idizili, B-2, okuyinto akekho ozokwazi akekho omunye emhlabeni ukuphinda kulo lonke impi) bona singcono kakhulu inqubo Wehrmacht. KV Soviet njengoba of maphakathi no-1941 akanayo analogue.
design
Ngesikhathi le prototypes lokuqala kungenzeka Soviet ithangi izimboni bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe eziphambili kakhulu. Mayelana yimuphi amalunga riveted ngisho kwakungasebenzeki, kunjalo senziwa Welding. Kuyefana nasendleleni le turret, okuyinto ngcono ngokusebenzisa tselnolitevoy indlela. I ukushuba amapuleti zempi kwaba 75 mm. Ukuguqulwa design amakhono avumele ukuba eminye ukwandisa Ukuvikelwa afika ku 105 mm ngokufaka ezengeziwe imishudo broneekranov, kodwa ngo-1941 noyedwa isibhamu German-ibhodi futhi ngaphandle kwalo ayengakwazi hit KV- 1 ethangini.
Isikimu jikelele kwaba zakudala Soviet izimoto armored we kwesigamu namathathu banesifo esibi (bakwamukela kamuva njengesibonelo onjiniyela emhlabeni wonke) wesibili: ukudluliswa ezingemuva, ngaphandle kushaft bendiza, bayichezukisa ukubhuka, udizili Yamandla isibhamu osezingeni 76 mm (L-11, F-32, futhi kamuva ZIS -5).
chassis
Engine V-2K kwaba inhliziyo lo mshini, umthamo salo 500 hp ngesivinini injini 1800 ngomzuzu / s. Multi-ipuleti ngomshikisho ukudluliswa kwadingeka design amaphutha, ngokuvamile sinqatshiwe, njengoba sasingaklanyelwe Force ezidingekayo ukushintsha ijubane umshini esindayo njengoba KV (isisindo sakhe kudlulwe amathani 47), ikakhulukazi amagiya ezimbili zokuqala (kwakukhona 5).
Ngesisekelo chassis ngasebenza njengombonisi eMnyangweni ngamunye torsion ukumiswa kwamasondo emgwaqweni elincane (kwakukhona eziyisithupha ku ohlangothini ngalunye). amacimbi nokuwohloka iqedwe imininingwane esekelayo ezinamasondo, ezinamasondo, ezintathu ngayinye. Kuze 1942 base zambozwa iraba ukwehlisa umsindo, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto zokwakha ezivela kule "okunethezeka" kwadingeka ukuba uyekwe. Amacimbi wenzé ububanzi (700 mm) ukunciphisa umthwalo ethize phansi.
izikhali
Experience isinyathelo isitha yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, ukulungele ukukhuphuka siyomelana nalabo ithangi ibhodlela Molotov Cocktails, setha imfuneko entsha - ikhono ukwakha ithala umlilo kwesihenqo. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, umshini ifakwe ezintathu izibhamu, enye yazo ngaphindiselwa ukuvikela gumbi injini. Enye turret machine gun kwaba, wayimboza ekuhlaseleni emoyeni. Mahhala isikhala kwangaphakathi egcwele izinhlamvu ergonomically, kwanele ukuba ukuqhuba impi eside akhathazayo (135 kwamarounds 2770 imizuliswano). Isikhali Ukunemba inikeza imishini optical ehlanganisa nokuzwa (Tod-6 isibonakude, periscope PT-6). Umlawuli uye walungiselela ithuba ukubuka umbono omuhle. Ethangini empini isheduli babe abantu abahlanu, bayakwazi ukuxoxa nge-intercom, zokuxhumana zangaphandle inikezwa ngomsakazo ophathwayo 71-TK-3 noma IOP.
Cishe 48 ton into enkulu ungakwazi ukufinyelela ijubane 34 km / h futhi waba nokuphila inkonzo 250 km. Lokho a lot.
Ekuqaleni ngezinga elikhulu empini
Wehrmacht ochwepheshe ezempi, yebo, waqonda ukuthi lisho ukuthini igama imishini lithunjwa. cwaningo yayo, ngaphezu nokuqaphela amandla eSoviet Imboni yezokuvikela, kwenza kwaba lula ukwenza nezinye okutholakele. Ube eseqinisekisa enenhloso yokukhukhula Stalin ukuhlasela eJalimane futhi KV. Photo of ezilimele armored lokuvimbezela izikhali ezisetshenziswa ze Goebbels 'njengobufakazi bokuthi izinhloso nolaka amaBolshevik. Ezinye Wehrmacht ethumba wasebenzisa umshini izidingo zabo siqu.
emaphashini wt nezinye amasampula art okuhlaselayo ngokushesha asuswe kusukela ekukhiqizeni njengoba ezingadingekile kulesi simo. Nxi futhi armored 152mm howitzer. Kwakubonakala sengathi uthola isiphetho esinjena sisehlela sonke "Klim Voroshilov". Kodwa umlando yanquma ngokuhlukile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amathangi uchungechunge KV cishe zonke izici wawungaphansi T-34, ukukhiqizwa zabo zaqhubeka ngisho Leningrad ovinjezelwe. Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ukuze afeze inqubo yokuhlela kabusha umjikelezo kwakungenakwenzeka lapha, futhi phambi armored zabuzwa ukuze imishini ukukhululwa hhayi kuphela waphenduka, ngisho bakhiwa yokuxhuma insimbi Izhora izitshalo. Ngokufanayo senzile futhi "Tankograd" edolobheni Chelyabinsk. Izinkinga injini B-2: main amakhono ukukhiqizwa ngaphambi empini kwakungu eKharkov, futhi ilawulwa amaNazi. Kuzo zonke lezi ubunzima ngokubeka uphethiloli injini M-17, okuyinto Yiqiniso, ziyancipha amakhono ukulwa ubuchwepheshe.
"C" kusho "fast"
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isimo yesimanje impi kuhilela ukupha up ongaphakeme-speed armored, umlando ithangi KV- 1 ayizange yaphela. Lapho abaningi ngamaphutha le moto, futhi kwadingeka izinzuzo ezisobala, ezifana ukuvikeleka okuhle futhi permeability okusezingeni eliphezulu. Okuphansi isivinini nobuntu imishini lokuvimbezela, wenza umzamo ukuzivumelanisa izici "Klimov" kuya yesimanje iqhinga yempi. Kwakubonakala KV- 1c, okuyinto mass sancipha saba 42,5 m. Ingabe ifinyelele "ukudlala" zempi thinning, amacimbi kanye nokuncipha izivimbelo enjalo izinhlamvu projectiles 94 (kamuva 114). Futhi acabangele izimangalo amasosha ukuba-gearbox ke salandelwa neliphelele kunalelo. tank okulingene namanje akuphumelelanga, T34 kuhlaziywe kancane amathani angaphezu kwangu-30, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla plant kwaba ezikwazi okuningi. Futhi ukungezwa igama incwadi "C" kusho "fast".
nezinye ukulungiswa
Ngo-August 1942, wangenela isampula entsha ye izimoto armored, KV-85. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuguqulwa ngokujulile okufanayo KV- 1c, umehluko kwaba ngo isibhamu osezingeni turret (at isibhamu DT-5, kuyacaca amagama abo, kwaba 85 mm), wanciphisa inani izisebenzi abantu abane (wazibonakalisa umdubuli kambayimbayi ezingadingekile), ukusikeka izinhlamvu ebe egcina chassis efanayo. Umbhoshongo owenziwa ekubunjweni.
Kwakukhona nezinye imizamo ukusebenzisa yimpumelelo side SQ. Ngesisekelo izibhamu self ezinezinjini ezakhiwa, abakhasi wadala "armored", bebehlome ngezibhamu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu calibers ehlukahlukene (CV-7), 122-mm howitzers U-11. Ngemva kokunqoba eMoscow, kwaba sobala ukuthi lo offensive akunakugwenywa, waphinda futhi wathatha amasampula izikhali okuhlaselayo. KV-8 kwaba ngaphandle okufana kakhulu sibonelo, ngisho ngalé lakhe laqanjwa eyenziwe ngenxa imihlobiso ekhethekile esibonisa emgqonyeni wezikhali, kodwa kwaba flamethrower. Gun embhoshongweni futhi wathola nesizotha ngalezo zinsuku "EP".
Kwakunezinye futhi izinhlobo imishini elisizayo esekelwe chassis hf: yokutakula kusuka izimoto impi ezilimele kanye nogandaganda.
Hf futhi "Tiger"
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1942, futhi ngo-1943, ama-amaJalimane uvele "Tiger". Lo mshini kwaba kakhulu kancane futhi esindayo, chassis kwakhona ngisho kangako kunobukaJohane hf, kodwa isibhamu 88-mm wamnika ithuba hit okuhloswe armored ngamandla ibanga, akazange avumele ukuba abuyele umlilo. Ngo-February 1943, ngosuku olulodwa ngesikhathi Leningrad Kushone 10 hf-1, okuyinto wadutshulwa kude ne ezintathu "Tiger". Kusukela ngo-1943, ukukhiqizwa yabo ukuthi iphele.
Ligalelo Ukunqoba KV amathangi kusadingeka, futhi balokhu kukhona ezikhumbuzo eziningi ukuze badunyiswe ka emathangini avuzayo yethu emadolobheni amaningi ngokusebenzisa owakhukhula evuthayo kushaft izimpi. Khumbuza umshini kanye asabekayo we ubuqhawe of abasebenzi ngaphambili langemuva, Cova inkemba abawinile nokuzinikela esondela iholidi lethu ligqamile.
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