Processor Quantum: incazelo, Umgomo we operation

Computing Quantum, okungenani ngokwalokho okwakulotshiwe, uma sibala emashumini eminyaka ambalwa. izinhlobo Wanamuhla imishini ezisebenzisa Mechanics non-classical sokusingatha engase amanani ezingenakulinganiswa idatha, babé intuthuko enkulu. Ngokwe-developers, ukuqaliswa yabo kwaba ubuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke ezake wadala mhlawumbe. izilimi Quantum usebenze emazingeni kwendaba, lapho isintu siye aziwa iminyaka engu-100 kuphela edlule. Neqiniso lokuthi izibalo ezinjengalezi makhulu. Ukusebenzisa yinqaba quantum izakhiwo zizosheshisa izibalo, imisebenzi eminingi ukuze njengamanje amakhompyutha classical abanakukwazi ukuxazululwa. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kanye materials science. I-Wall Street nakho okubonisa isithakazelo.

Ukutshala imali esikhathini esizayo

CME Group usise inkampani Vancouver 1QB Information Technologies Inc., eba software Quantum uhlobo izilimi. Ngokusho zimali, lezi izibalo kungenzeka babe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu embonini, okuyinto ukusebenza nge esiningi idatha ebucayi ezithile. Isibonelo amakhasimende abanjalo bangabaphostoli yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. Goldman Sachs atshalwe D-Wave Systems, futhi inkampani Ngo-Q-Tel oxhaswe CIA. Eyokuqala silwenza imishini ezenza okubizwa "annealing quantum", ie. E. enquma le eliphansi inkinga nokwenza usebenzisa processor quantum. Intel is uyabandakanyeka sitshala imali lobu buchwepheshe, nakuba ibheka ukuqaliswa ibhizinisi esizayo.

Kungani na?

Isizathu ukuthi Computing quantum kuyajabulisa ngakho, itholakala inhlanganisela yawo aphelele kanye wokufunda womshini. Okwamanje, kuba isicelo esiyinhloko izibalo ezinjengalezi. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungenxa yalokho ka umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-computer-quantum - usebenzisa idivayisi ngokomzimba ukucinga izixazululo. Ngezinye izikhathi umcabango zachazwa yisigaba isibonelo umdlalo Angry Birds. Ukuze belingisa ukuxhumana-gravity kanye nokuphenyisisa zingashayisani izinto CPU Ithebhulethi isebenzisa zezibalo. Quantum uhlelo ukubeka le ndlela ekhanda layo. Bona 'uphonse "izinyoni ezimbalwa, futhi bhekisisani ukuthi kwenzekani. Ngezinye microchip ebhaliwe umsebenzi: it is inyoni, basishaya lokho trajectory elilungile? Khona-ke wayihlola yonke izixazululo kungenzeka, noma okungenani inhlanganisela elikhulu kubo, futhi impendulo kunikezwa. Ku-quantum computer izinkinga isixazululekile hhayi sezibalo, imithetho yomsebenzi physics esikhundleni.

Isebenza kanjani?

Lesi sakhiwo eziyisisekelo amabhlogo zezwe lethu - le-quantum-lokukhanda. Uma ubheka i-molecule isizathu lapho akhiwa futhi sizinzile - ukuxhumana we orbitals electron. Zonke izibalo quantum-mechanical eziqukethwe ngamunye wabo. Isibalo sawo uyaphela exponentially ukwandisa isibalo electron eyenziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-electron 50 zikhona ezimbili ongakhetha 50-degree. Lokhu phenomenally inombolo enkulu, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukubala namuhla. Uxhumano Imininingwane theory ukuze physics ongasibonisa indlela ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinjalo. 50 ikhompyutha kubitovnomu ungakwenza.

Kwenkathi entsha

Ngokusho Landon Downs, umongameli co-umsunguli 1QBit, processor quantum - kungenzeka ukuba isebenzise amandla ukucutshungulwa emhlabeni subatomic, kubalulekile ukuthola izinto ezintsha noma ukudalwa kwemithi emisha. Kukhona ushintsho kusukela Paradigm yokutholakala kuya enkathini entsha design. Ngokwesibonelo, Computing quantum ingasetshenziswa kukhombisa yelikhono okukuvumela kukhishwe carbon nitrogen emkhathini, futhi ngaleyo ndlela asize ukuyeka ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.

Iyahola intuthuko

umphakathi Onjiniyela lobu buchwepheshe ujabule kakhulu futhi umsebenzi umatasa. Amathimba emhlabeni jikelele ekuqaleni abantu abadala, izinkampani, amanyuvesi kanye labs uhulumeni wakha imoto uhlanga, asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene ukuze quantum i-information processing. Wadala qubit superconducting qubits and chips ku-athomu ethumba, okwakuhilela abacwaningi baseNyuvesi Maryland ne-National Institute of Standards Nobuchwepheshe. Microsoft eba indlela topological ngokuthi Station Q, injongo okuyinto ukusebenzisa non-Abelian anion kabani khona engakaze lotawulungisa efakazelwe.

Unyaka ukufohla kungenzeka

Futhi lokhu kumane nje kuyisiqalo loko. Ekupheleni kuka-May 2017 isibalo quantum-uhlobo izilimi kuthiwa oyingqayizivele wenza into ngokushesha noma ungcono ikhompyutha classical, kungu-zero. Lo mcimbi uzoba ukusetha "bokuphakama quantum", kodwa kuze kube manje liye azikaze zibe khona. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka njengoba ekuseni njengoba kulo nyaka. wangaphakathi Iningi wathi ukuthi i-Google eyintandokazi okucacile iqembu, olwaluholwa uProfesa Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, John Martin. Inhloso yayo - ukufeza Computing aphakeme ngosizo 49-qubit processor. Ekupheleni kuka-May 2017 iqembu ngempumelelo ihlolwe chip 22-qubit njengenhlangano sinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini ekufezeni Ukudilizwa supercomputer classical.

Indlela Bonke baqala?

Umqondo usebenzisa quantum Mechanics ngoba i-information processing amashumi eminyaka. Esinye sezenzakalo ukhiye kwenzeka ngo-1981, lapho-IBM futhi MIT ihlelwe ngokuhlanganyela inkomfa ye-physics yezamakhompyutha. I-physics esidumile Richard Feynman ehlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo computer quantum. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngoba le sekulingisa kufanele ukusizakala esebenzisa quantum Mechanics. Futhi kungcono inselele enkulu, ngoba akubukeki lula kangaka. Ngo processor quantum yokusebenza isimiso kusekelwe eziningi izakhiwo ongaziwa kwama-atom - superposition izihibe. I kuyizinhlayiyana kungaba ezimbili uthi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Nokho, lapho kulinganiswa kuyoba eyodwa nje kuzo. Futhi akunakwenzeka ukubikezela lapho, ngaphandle ngokombono imfundiso yokuziphendukela okungenzeka. Lo mphumela oluyisisekelo ukuhlola umcabango cat Schrödinger sika, okuyinto ebhokisini kanyekanye efile futhi uyaphila nje obuka akuyona sneak ukulunguza. Lutho usebenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngale ndlela. Nokho, kwabangaba yizigidi ezingu-1 zokuhlolwa olwenziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, abonisa ukuthi ukwakheka likhona. Futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo is wokuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa lo mqondo.

processor Quantum: incazelo umsebenzi

ibhithi Classic kungase kudingeke ukubaluleka 0 noma 1, kungenzeka ukuba azale ande izinombolo, ukudweba izithombe kanye nokunye. N. Qubit nakho kungaba 0 uma baphuthelwa umugqa ngokusebenzisa "logic amasango" (d. FUTHI, NOMA, HHAYI, njll), 1 noma kokubili. Uma, yithi, 2 qubit babanjwa, lokhu kuwenza kwehlisa kahle. thayipha processor quantum angasebenzisa logic amasango. T. N. Hadamard esangweni, isibonelo, ubeka qubit esimweni superposition okuphelele. Uma superposition izihibe kuhlangene ngobuqili isebangeni quantum amasango, ukuthi baqale ukwenzeka bezikhali izibalo sub-atomic clock. 2 ukuvumela isifundo qubit 4 zithi: 00, 01, 10 no-11 Isimiso ukusebenza kwe-quantum processor yokuthi ukukhishwa logic imisebenzi kwenza kube yinto engenzeka ukuthi sisebenzisane zonke izikhundla ngesikhathi esisodwa. Futhi isibalo uthi olutholakalayo 2 emandleni inani qubits. Ngakho, uma wenza 50-qubit quantum jikelele ikhompyutha, kuba kwakuthiwa kungenzeka yini sizihlole zonke inhlanganisela 1,125 quadrillion kanyekanye.

Kudity

processor Quantum eRussia ukubona ehlukile kancane. Ososayensi base MIPT futhi Russian quantum isikhungo wadala "kudity" emelela eziningana qubits "virtual" ngamazinga "amandla" ezihlukahlukene.

amplitude

thayipha processor quantum inebuhle ukuthi quantum Mechanics kusekelwe amplitudes. Okungenzeka amplitudes zifana, kodwa nabo babe ongathandeki, futhi izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho, uma ufuna ukubala ematfuba umcimbi, ungakwazi ukwengeza zonke izinhlobo amplitude ngezinto ezingakhetha kuzo ukuthuthukiswa. Umqondo Computing quantum ukuzama isethaphu iphethini ukuphazamiseka ukuze ezinye izindlela izimpendulo engafanele kwaba amplitude omuhle, futhi abanye - ongathandeki, ngakho babengeke khansela nomunye. A eya lengiyo kwakuyodingeka amplitudes okuyizinto isigaba nomunye. Okubalulekile wukuthi usebenzise i ukuthi udinga ukuhlela yonke into, ngaphandle kokwazi kusengaphambili lokho impendulo ilungile. Ngakho lomchazi uthi quantum lihambisana bezikhali ukuphazamiseka phakathi amplitudes emihle nemibi kuwusizo yalolu hlobo kwekhompyutha.

algorithm Shor sika

Kukhona imisebenzi eminingi ukuthi kukhompyutha ayikwazi ukuxazulula. Ezinjalo njengoba ukubethela. Inkinga ukuthi akulula kangako ukuthola izici eziyinhloko izinombolo ezingu-200. Ngisho noma laptop iyasebenza software kakhulu, kungase kudingeke silinde iminyaka ukuthola impendulo. Ngakho-ke, enye ingqopha Computing quantum isibe algorithm eshicilelwe ngo-1994 ngu-Peter Shore, manje onguprofesa wezibalo eMIT. indlela lakhe ukuthola izinto inombolo enkulu ngokusebenzisa ikhompyutha quantum, okuyinto engazange abe khona okwamanje. Eqinisweni, i-algorithm owenza lo msebenzi, okuyinto ukhombise indawo lengiyo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, Shore wathola indlela quantum ukulungisa iphutha. Khona-ke, abaningi beye bazibonela ukuthi - indlela ehlukile ukucabanga, nakho ezimweni eziningi kungaba namandla kakhulu. Kwabe sekulandela yokwanda nesithakazelo zesayensi ukudala qubits kanye logic amasango phakathi kwazo. Futhi manje, neminyaka engamashumi amabili kamuva, isintu kuyinto onqenqemeni yokudala ikhompyutha agcwele quantum.