Ithini inombolo enkulu? Inani elikhulu futhi kulencane

Lapho umuntu nje ukufunda ukuyikholwa iminwe izikhangiso kwanele ukuba wazi ukuthi ukuhamba ezimbili mammoth emhumeni, kungcono esingaphansi Umhlambi entabeni. Kepha njengoba masinyane njengoba he realized lowo isibalo esingangaleso positional (inombolo has endaweni ethile in ujenga), waqala ukuzibuza: Yini elandelayo, yini abaningi kakhulu?
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izingqondo engcono waqala ukufuna, kanjani ukubala lezi zimiso, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kanjani endow nabo incazelo.

Dots ekupheleni chungechunge

Lapho abafundi baziswa umqondo sokuqala izinombolo zemvelo, emaphethelweni izinombolo ngokuhlakanipha ukubeka amachashazi bese uchaza ukuthi enkulu futhi nenombolo kencanikhulu - isigaba lutho. Kuyinto njalo kungenzeka ukuba inani elikhulu wengeze eyodwa, futhi ngeke kube ngobukhulu. Kodwa intuthuko kwakungeke kwenzeke ukube bekungengenxa kulabo abafuna ukuthola incazelo ezindaweni lapho kungafanele khona.

Infinity inombolo chungechunge, ngaphezu amakhaza futhi esingachaziwe amagugu zefilosofi, wadala nobunzima luyingxenye lobuchwepheshe. Kwadingeka ukuba ngimfune ukubiza siningi. Ekuqaleni lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokuhlukile amaqembu ayinhloko ulimi, kanye ne ukuthuthukiswa kwembulunga yonke uvele amazwi, okuyinani elikhulu kunawo wonke, ezivamile emhlabeni wonke.

Eziyishumi, ikhulu, inkulungwane

Njalo ulimi izinombolo ebaluleke esisebenzayo, wathola igama lalo.

Ngo-Russian kuba wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke inombolo kusuka zero kuya kweyishumi. Kufika amakhulu izinombolo eminye abizwa ngokuthi futhi isisekelo yabo, ne ushintsho oluncane ku izimpande - "amabili" (ezimbili eziyishumi), "amathathu" (ezintathu eziyishumi), njll, noma izingxenye "amabili nanye", "ayisihlanu nane .. ". Ukwehluka - esikhundleni "chetyredtsat" siba kuwusizo kakhudlwana, "amane".

The esiphezulu inombolo idijithi ezimbili - "ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye" - igama kwakwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela amagama abo siqu zendabuko - "Abangamakhulu" futhi "inkulungwane", lonke akhiwa kusukela inhlanganisela kwesokudla. Isimo siyefana nakwezinye izilimi ezivamile. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi amagama esungulwe banikwa izinombolo kanye izibalo eyayikhuluma iningi labantu abavamile. Ngisho okungukuthi ayinkulungwane wezinkomo kungadala i ongumlimi abavamile. Nge esigidini kwaba nzima, futhi ukudideka waqala.

Million, quintillion, detsilliard

Ngo phakathi xv ekhulwini engumFulentshi Nikolya Shuke ukuqoka abaningi kakhulu kakhulu, igama liphakanyiswe uhlelo ngesisekelo netinombolo owawuvamile ososayensi Latin. NgesiRashiya, baye nezabo. ukuguqulwa ukuze bakhululeke pronunciation:

• 1 - Unus - Univ.
• 2 - Duo, Bi (double) - duo, bi.
• 3 - Tres - ezintathu.
• 4 - quattuor - Quadri.
• 5 - quinque - Angaba yizingxenye.
• 6 - Sex - Sexten.
• 7 - Septem - Sept.
• 8 - Octo - Octy.
• 9 - Novem - Noni.
• 10 - Decem - deci.

Ngesisekelo amagama kwakufanele kube -illion, kusukela "abayizigidi ezingu" - "ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane." -. Okungukuthi 1 000 000 - 1000 ^ 2 - ayizinkulungwane esigcawini. Leli gama, uma sibala inani elikhulu, waqamba seafarer abadumile Marco Polo kanye nososayensi. Ngakho, kwaba yinkulungwane ngezinga lwesithathu isibe izindodla 1000 ^ 4 - I-quadrillion. Enye engumFulentshi - Pelletier - wanikela izinombolo ukuthi babe Shyuke ngokuthi "ayizinkulungwane esigidini" (10 ^ 9), 'nezinsuku eziyinkulungwane namakhulu bhiliyoni "(10 ^ 15) nokunye. e., sebenzisa ophela "-illiard". Kwavela ukuthi abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane baphila - yilokho bhiliyoni, 10 ^ 15 - amabhiliyade, iyunithi nge 21 zero - trilliard nokunye.

zezibalo Kwamagama French zaqala ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi. Kodwa kancane kancane kwaba sobala ukuthi 10 ^ 9 Kwezinye imibhalo waziwa hhayi izigidigidi kanye nezigidigidi. Futhi e-United States asebenzisa isimiso lapho -illion ekupheleni ithole ngedigri kwesigidi, efana isiFulentshi, kodwa izinkulungwane. Ngenxa yalokho, namuhla kukhona izikali ezimbili emhlabeni, "eside" futhi "amafushane". Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini inombolo ukuthini igama, isibonelo, quadrillion, kungcono ukucacisa lokho degree of eyakhelwe inombolo 10. Uma 15 - kuyinto "amafushane" esikalini yamukelwa e-United States, eCanada, e-UK nakwamanye amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise eRussia (Nokho asizange 10 ^ 9 bhiliyoni futhi abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane), uma 24 - kuyinto "eside", esenziwa ngo izifunda eziningi zomhlaba.

Tredetsillion, vigintilliard futhi milleillion

detsillion deci bakha - - Emva inombolo yokugcina okuyinani elikhulu kunawo esetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle eyinkimbinkimbi izwi-zokwakheka - 10 ^ 33 esikalini, ngoba ngawo kanye inhlanganisela elandelayo kumabhuthi aphathelene asetshenziswa ticalo. Etholwe amagama eziyinkimbinkimbi kwakwakhe efana tredetsillion- 10 ^ 42, kvindetsillion - 10 ^ 48 futhi unformulated ngakho, amagama siqu phakathi Roma ahlonishwe: .. Twenty - viginti, ikhulu namashumi - eziyinkulungwane centum - mille. Ukulandela imithetho Shyuke kungaba unomphela ukwakha amagama izilo. Ngokwesibonelo, isibalo 10 ^ 308 760 ebizwa dutsentduomilianongentnovemdetsillion.

Kodwa lezi izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo kuphela inani elilinganiselwe labantu - kungukuthi asetshenziswa umkhuba, futhi la magugu ngokwabo engaboshiwe ngisho izinkinga theory noma theorems. Kungenxa kwaqanjwa luyingxenye theory kukhona isibalo imidondoshiya, abaye baphathwe ngayo amagama sonorous kakhulu noma wabhekisela ngegama yombhali.

Ngibambeni Legion asaṃkhyeya

Umbuzo amanani amakhulu "pre-computer" isizukulwane ukhathazekile futhi. AmaSlav kukhona eziningana izinhlelo inombolo, kwezinye befika phezulu kakhulu: inombolo enkulu - 10 ^ 50. Amagama nezinombolo kusukela ukuphakama besikhathi sethu Ubonakala izinkondlo, futhi bonke ukuthi babenazo incazelo esisebenzayo, eyaziwa kuphela mlando izazi zezilimi: 10 ^ 4 - "ubumnyama", 10 ^ 5 - "ULegiyona, *", 10 ^ 6 - "leodr" 10 ^ 7 - Vranje, amagwababa, 10 ^ 8 - "emphemeni."

Ayikho ngaphansi amahle ngenombolo isihloko asaṃkhyeya ezishiwo imibhalo Buddhist emaqoqweni lasendulo Chinese yasendulo Indian of sutras. Inani ambalwa of asaṃkhyeya abacwaningi yayisemngceleni 10 ^ 140. Ukuze uqonde ke umqondo nowomoya: okungukuthi kanjani imijikelezo kakhulu cosmic ngizodabula umphefumulo ozahlanjululwa, kuyo yonke inyama, zanqwabelana phezu indlela eside wokuzalwa nokuzuza isimo Blissful ka Nirvana.

Googol, googolplex

Sezibalo at Columbia University (USA) Edward Kasner kusukela ekuqaleni 1920 ngacabanga izinombolo ezinkulu. Ikakhulukazi, yayinesithakazelo igama sonorous inkulumo enombolweni enhle 10 ^ 100. Ngolunye usuku wayengumuntu ekuhambeni bomzala bakhe futhi ebatshela le nombolo. ngonyaka Nine Milton ubudala aphakanyisiwe Sirotta izwi googol - googol. UMalume engasithola abashana kanye ibhonasi - inombolo entsha, okuyinto bachaza kanje: iyunithi kanye amaqanda amaningi njengoba ungabhala, kodwa neze ukhathele. Qamba le inombolo ibikade googolplex. Uma ngicabanga, Kashner wanquma ukuthi lokhu kuzoba nenombolo 10 ^ googol.

Okusho e izinombolo ezinjalo Kashner kubonakala ukufundisa kabanzi: isayensi wayengazi lutho ngemali njengokuthola zezibalo esizayo esibonelweni sabo, wabachazela indlela abaningi kakhulu ingagcina ngokungafani okufanekisa ingunaphakade.

umqondo Smart yokuqanjwa kwamagama geniuses kancane baziswa abasunguli inkampani ukukhuthaza injini entsha. isizinda googol ayematasa futhi kwadingeka uhlamvu o, kodwa kube khona igama, okuyiwona eziningi eziyize bangaba wake real - njengoba ukwabelana eziningi kuyoba zinkulu.

inombolo Shannon, inani Schiusa, medzon, megiston

Ngokungafani zesayensi, ngezikhathi egijima phesheya ukulinganiselwa ebekwa nemvelo, zezibalo uqhubeke endleleni okufanekisa ingunaphakade. Othanda umdlalo we-chess Klod Shennon (1916-2001) ehaqwe yenombolo 10 ^ 118 - kangaka ongakhetha izikhundla angenzeka hlangana 40 uhamba.

Stanley Schiusa esuka eNingizimu Afrika eyingoduso kwelinye imisebenzi eziyisikhombisa kufakwe uhlu "Millennium Challenge" - Riemann hypothesis. Ubuya ekutholeni amaphethini ukusatshalaliswa izinombolo eziyinhloko. Ngokuhamba ukucabanga wasebenzisa esokuqala we 10 ^ 10 ^ 10 ^ 34, wabonisa bona Sk ₁ kulandele 10 ^ 10 ^ 10 ^ 963 - inombolo yesibili Schiusa - Sk _2.

Ukuze usebenze lezi zinombolo musa ngisho ukulingana evamile ukurekhoda ohlelweni. Gugo Shteyngauz (1887-1972) ehlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa ngamajamo weJiyomethri: n e unxantathu - ke n ngamandla n, n yisikwele - n e n onxantathu, n kumbuthano - a n e n izikwele. Wachaza ukuthi simiso isibonelo nezinamba mega - 2 othize embuthanweni, medzon - 3 othize embuthanweni, megiston - 10 kumbuthano. Ngakho kunzima ukukhomba, isibonelo, ngobukhulu inombolo idijithi ezimbili, kodwa usebenza nge eziningi ezinkulukazi okwenziwe lula.

UProfesa Donald Knuth aphakanyisiwe notation umcibisholo, lapho kakutsha ukwakhiwa amandla kuboniswa umcibisholo, okuyinto ethathwa umkhuba wokusebenzisa program. Googol kuleli cala libukeka 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 2 futhi googolplex - 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 2.

inombolo Graham sika

URonald Graham (P-1935.), Isazi sezibalo American, ekufundweni Ramsey theory elihlobene ne hypercubes - multi-ntathu izidumbu weJiyomethri - sethule inombolo ekhethekile G ₁ - G ₆₄ lapho echaza umngcele isinqumo, lapho mkhawulo kwaba amaningi elikhulu inombolo, wathola igama lakhe. Waze esiphethweni last 20 izinombolo, kanye idatha okuqala amanani alandelayo:

- G ₁ = 3 ↑↑↑↑ 3 = 8.7 x 10 ^ 115.

- G = ₂ 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (imicibisholo ngokushesha kunezinye inombolo = G _1).

- G ₃ = 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (inombolo = G ₂ ngokushesha kunezinye imicibisholo).

...

- G = ₆₄ 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (ngokushesha kunezinye inani imicibisholo ₆₃ = G)

G _64, G limelela eyodwa, futhi inani elikhulu emhlabeni esetshenziswa ukubala zezibalo. Ilotshwe encwadini yemibhalo egciniwe. Yilethe kuya ngezinga cishe engenakwenzeka, kulokho lonke ivolumu yonke ezaziwayo obonakaliswe iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke umthamo (cube ngosiko the Planck obuphelele (10 ^-35 m)), obonakaliswe inombolo 10 ^ 185.