Metal Radioactive futhi izakhiwo zalo. Iyini kakhulu metal enemisebe

Phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi ze-uhlelo gqwa, okuningi ungewabafana, okuyisona iningi labantu bathi ngokwesaba. Futhi ngingabalahla kanjani kube kungenjalo? Ngenxa yokuthi abathathi radioactive, kusho kubeka engozini impilo yabantu.

Zama ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngempela izakhi bayingozi futhi ngabantu abamelelwa yizo, futhi ukuthola ukuthi iyini imiphumela yazo eziyingozi emzimbeni womuntu.

Umqondo jikelele iqembu izakhi enemisebe

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinsimbi. Iningi labo, ezibekwe ohlelweni gqwa ngokushesha ngemuva phambili kuze kube iseli yakamuva. Umbandela esiyinhloko okuyinto samukelwa ku ilungu elithile leqembu enemisebe - yikhono layo abe ezithile ekuphileni nengxenye.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo ukuwohloka enemisebe - ukuguqulwa core metal kwenye, osizayo, okuyinto kuhambisana ekushayweni emisebeni ye uhlobo oluthile. Uma lokhu kwenzeka abanye ukuguqulwa kwezinye izakhi.

metal Radioactive - nguye oyedwa IKhompyuthaYami akuyona. Ngisho noma lezi zinhlobo yonke kungaba eziyisithupha, futhi munye kuyoba umphathi lokhu impahla, yonke into ezocatshangelwa enemisebe.

izinhlobo ngemisebe

I embodiments main emisebeni okuyinto sasikhipha ku onakala of izinsimbi yilezi:

• alpha-izinhlayiya;
• beta kuyizinhlayiyana nokwahlukana noma neutrino;
• inguqulelo isomeric (gamma ray).

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo bokuba khona izakhi enjalo. Eyokuqala - engokwemvelo, okungukuthi, lapho metal enemisebe yendalo futhi indlela elula ngaphansi kwethonya amabutho angaphandle is ibe izinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ubukisa radioactivity yayo onakala).

iqembu Okwesibili - is eyayenziwe wadala ososayensi izinsimbi uyakwazi nokwahlukana okusheshayo futhi ukukhululwa esiningi emisebeni enamandla. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezithile. Lokulinganisa, lapho akhiqizwa yenuzi ukusabela kugucuka ngesinye sezinqumo kwezinye, ngokuthi synchrotron.

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili esiqokiwe isigamu-yezindlela ezisobala: kuzo zombili izimo angesabi, kodwa kuphela metal ekhiqizwa eyayenziwe lona ukusabela zenuzi inqubo deconstruction.

Izisekelo uqoke efana ama-athomu

Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi izakhi isotopes elilodwa noma amabili kuphela enemisebe, kuthathwe ukuze sibonise lapho uhlobo oluthile notation, hhayi wonke iyunithi iyonke. Ngokwesibonelo, phambili - kungcono izinto nje. Uma sithatha ku-akhawunti ukuthi - metal enemisebe, khona-ke kufanele ngokuthi, isibonelo, "ukuhola-207."

Ingxenye-izimpilo izinhlayiya ingahluka kakhulu. Kukhona isotopes okuyinto akhona imizuzwana 0,032 kuphela. Kodwa kanye nabo kukhona leyo izigidi zeminyaka ukuba ngivule ku emathunjini omhlaba.

izinsimbi Radioactive: uhlu

Uhla oluphelele lolwazi zonke okuqondene amaqembu izakhi kungaba umxhwele ngokwanele, ngoba bonke ke amayelana 80 izinsimbi. Lena ngokuyinhloko zonke, emi ishadi lesikhathi ngemuva phambili, kuhlanganise iqembu lanthanides futhi actinides. Okungukuthi, bismuth polonium, astatine, Radon, francium, Radium, uRutherford nokunye izinombolo ze-serial.

Ngenhla umngcele esiqokiwe iqoqo abameleli, ngamunye kuwo Ubuye isotopes. Nokho, abanye babo bangase babe nje enemisebe. Ngakho kubalulekile, lokho zilwane element kwamakhemikhali. metal Radioactive, noma kunalokho omunye zinhlobo zayo isotopic babe cishe zonke ilungu etafuleni. Ngokwesibonelo, yilezi:

• calcium;
• selenium;
• hafnium;
• tungsten;
• osmium;
• bismuth;
• indium;
• potassium;
• rubidium;
• zirconium;
• Europe;
• Radium nezinye.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi izakhi abonise izakhiwo imisebe, abaningi - iningi. Ezinye zazo ziphephile isikhathi eside kakhulu nengxenye zempilo ezitholakala emvelweni, omunye eyayenziwe adalwe indoda ngoba ezihlukahlukene izidingo kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye kuyingozi kakhulu abantu umzimba.

Radium Isici

Igama isici enikezwa owathola layo - Curies, Pierre and Marie. Laba bantu wokuqala wathola ukuthi omunye isotopes we metal - Radium-226 - lena ifomu esitebeleni kunazo, anezakhi ezikhethekile ka-radioactivity. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1898, futhi into enjalo kuphela waziwa. Okuningiliziwe izifundo zakhe nje ukwenza owakwakhe bamakhemikhali.

I etymology ka izwi uthatha izimpande kusuka isiFulentshi, okuyinto Uzwakala Radium. Ubude 14 ukulungiswa eyaziwa isotopic timphawu. Kodwa amafomu esitebeleni kunazo uyaca izinombolo:

• 220;
• 223;
• 224;
• 226;
• 228.

Njengoba kuthiwa radioactivity ifomu has 226. ngu uqobo, Radium - isici bamakhemikhali e inombolo 88. I-atomic weight [226]. Njengoba into elula uyakwazi sokusinda. It is a metal silvery-white enemisebe kokuba iphuzu ukuncibilika mayelana 670 ⁰ C.

Kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono liveza degree sezingeni eliphezulu yomsebenzi futhi uyakwazi ukusabela nge:

• amanzi;
• acid organic ukwakha izakhiwo esitebeleni;
• oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama i oxide.

Izakhiwo kanye Izicelo

Futhi Radium - isici chemical esakha uchungechunge nosawoti. Akwaziwa yayo nitrides, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, carbonates, phosphate, chromates. Kukhona nosawoti double nge tungsten futhi beryllium.

Iqiniso ukuthi Radium-226 kungaba ingozi yempilo, owathola yayo Per Kyuri wafunda ngokushesha. Kodwa ngakwazi ukubona lokhu, lapho wenza inhlolo-vo: usuku Wahamba i ezihambisana engenhla ingalo test tube zensimbi. Endaweni lapho sihlala esikhunjeni uvele telephium, ukuqeda ukuthi usosayensi ayengakwenza isikhathi esingaphezulu kwezinyanga ezingi ezimbili. Kusukela ucwaningo zabo phezu mkhuba radioactivity unkosikazi akayikhohliwe, ngaleyo ndlela yafa, kokubili kusuka umthamo enkulu ngemisebe.

Ngaphezu value negative, zikhona izindawo eziningana lapho Radium-226 isetshenziswa kanye nezinzuzo:

1. Inkomba ezingeni amanzi olwandle offset.
2. Isetshenziselwa ukunquma inani uranium edwaleni.
3. Afakwe ukukhanyisa Izingxube.
4. Kwezokwelapha isetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe yezokwelapha Radon nokugeza.
5. Asetshenziselwa ukususwa amacala kagesi.
6. Nge lwalumumethe ekubunjweni icala futhi ezivuzayo ashiselwe imininingwane.

Plutonium futhi isotopes yayo

Lo msuka kwatholakala forties yososayensi American XX leminyaka. Waqale behlukene uranium-ore, lapho labunjwa kusukela neptunium. Kugcine kuleli cala - umphumela nucleus uranium. Okungukuthi, konke kuhlobene eduze nomunye by kugucuka ezivamile enemisebe.

Kunezindlela eziningana isotopes nzile kwensimbi. Nokho, ezivamile futhi kubalulekile uhlobo okusebenzayo plutonium-239. Akwaziwa zamakhemikhali we lensimbi:

• i-oksijini,
• acid;
• amanzi;
• alkalis;
• halogens.

Izakhiwo plutonium-239 kuyinto metal ziyaqothuka nge iphuzu ukuncibilika 640 ⁰ C. Izindlela eyinhloko nomthelela emzimbeni - kumiswa kancane kancane umdlavuza, sokuzuza amathambo lokungeniswa ngokubhujiswa kwabo, isifo samaphaphu.

Field yokusetshenziswa - umkhakha ikakhulukazi zenuzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukubola eyodwa igremu ka plutonium-239 lwabelwe isamba ukushisa okuyinto efana ne 4 amathani amalahle wokushiswa. Yingakho lolu hlobo metal is kabanzi ngakho elisetshenziswa ukusabela. Nuclear-grade plutonium - umthombo wamandla e Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi kanye iArmagedoni amabhomu. Ubizwa lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa amadivayisi isitoreji energy kagesi, ogama service ongafinyelela iminyaka emihlanu.

Uranus - umthombo emisebeni

Lo msuka latholakala 1789 by wemithi esuka eJalimane Klaproth. Nokho, ukuhlola impahla yayo futhi ufunde indlela uzisebenzise umkhuba abantu ephethwe ukubonwa ngekhulu XX. The main lolwehlukanisa ukuthi uranium enemisebe uyakwazi obumba kwamazinyo engokwemvelo nucleus:

• Hola-206;
• Krypton;
• plutonium-239;
• Hola-207;
• Xenon.

Emvelweni, insimbi kuyinto ukukhanya grey umbala, has a lokuncibilika phezu 1100 ⁰ C. Senzeka namaminerali ehlanganisa:

1. Autunite.
2. Uraninite.
3. Pitchblende.
4. Autun.
5. Tyuyanmunit.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu IKhompyuthaYami nzile yemvelo kanye eyayenziwe kwemiqondo 11, nge mass izinombolo kusuka 227 kuya 240.

Imboni kabanzi uranium enemisebe, bakwazi iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ngokushesha lapho kukhululwa amandla. Ngakho, isetshenziswa:

• e Geochemistry;
• timbiwa;
• sikhungo Nuclear;
• enkulu ekwakhekeni kwezikhali zenuzi.

Umthelela emzimbeni womuntu akahlukile owedlule okuxoxwe - ekuqongeleleni metal kuholela umthamo lenyuke ngemisebe okuvela umdlavuza.

izakhi transuranic

I metal ezibaluleke kakhulu, wema emuva uranium ethebuleni gqwa yilezo Kuye kwavulwa muva. Vele-2004, ukukhanya waphuma imithombo eqinisekisa lokuzalwa isici ukukhanya 115 kohlelo gqwa.

Agcina eseyinto metal enemisebe kakhulu kuzo zonke ezaziwayo kuze kube manje - Ununpentium (Uup). Amandla ayo kungukuthi wafunda kuze kube manje, ngoba isigamu-ukuphila 0,032 imizuzwana! Cabanga futhi ukukhomba imininingwane isakhiwo futhi ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo akunakwenzeka.

Nokho, i-radioactivity salo izikhathi eziningi njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo izibalo olwesibili impahla element - plutonium. Nokho, elisetshenziswa umkhuba Ununpentium kanye "bese wehlisa" comrade bakhe etafuleni - uranium, plutonium, neptunium, polonium nezinye.

Esinye isici - unbibium - kwakuthiwa khona, kodwa ukuba kufakazelwe cishe ososayensi ezivela emazweni ehlukene angeke kusukela ngo-1974. Umzamo wokugcina waba ngo-2005, kodwa akazange kuqinisekiswa jikelele womkhandlu bamakhemikhali.

cindezela njalo

Lalivulwe ekhulwini XIX ngu Berzelius futhi yaqanjwa unkulunkulu amaNorseman Thor. Ingabe wavuma metal enemisebe. Lesi sici abe ezinhlanu zalo-isotopes 11.

Isicelo main e amandla enuzi awusekelwe ikhono zikhiphela enkulu ukushisa energy ekonakaleni. Isici ukuthi i-nucleus cindezela uyakwazi ekuthumbeni neutron nama ibe nokwe-uranium-238 futhi plutonium-239, osewaziwa ngqo futhi ukusabela zenuzi. Ngakho-ke, cindezela kungenziwa kwiqembu ngezinto okuxoxwa ngayo.

polonium

Way zethusi enemisebe ngaphansi inombolo 84 ohlelweni gqwa. It wavulwa wabahloli esifanayo abakhuthele radioactivity futhi noma yini ehlangene nakho, nomkakhe uMaria Pierre Curie e 1898. Isici esiyinhloko yalolu ketshezi ukuthi ukhona ngokukhululeka 138,5 izinsuku. Okungukuthi, lena ingxenye-ukuphila kwensimbi.

Emvelweni, atholakala ukubunjwa uranium nezinye imikhando. Isetshenziselwa njengoba umthombo energy, futhi ngokwanele enamandla. Kuyinto metal ngamaqhinga esetshenziswa womshini izikhali zenuzi. Inombolo esokuba elinganiselwe futhi ngaphansi kokulawula isimo ngasinye.

Futhi esetshenziswa ionize emoyeni, ukuqeda zikagesi egumbini, enkulu ekwakhekeni heater nezinye izinto ezifanayo.

Umthelela emzimbeni womuntu

Zonke izinsimbi enemisebe unekhono zingene isikhumba womuntu bese buthelela ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Basuke kakhulu kabi excreted emikhiqizweni imfucuza, awaveli ukuze umjuluko.

Nge isikhathi ekuqaleni ukungena zokuphefumula, kwegazi, isimiso sezinzwa, okubangela izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa kuzo. Kuthinta ku amaseli, kubenze zingasebenzi kahle. Umphumela kumiswa izimila ebulalayo, kuphakama zomdlavuza.

Ngakho-ke, metal ngamunye enemisebe - ingozi kakhulu kubantu, ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma nabo ifomu okumsulwa. Ningathinti kubo ngezandla angenalutho futhi uhlale egumbini kanye nabo ngaphandle ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile.