Ngobani amaKaraite? Umsuka ngamaKaraite

Ngobani amaKaraite? Lona omunye kwezizwe zomhlaba zasendulo impela, incwadi enomlando esithathe ngaphezu eminyaka kweshumi. Abamele ukuthi ubuzwe zingatholakala ku ePoland, eLithuania nase-Ukraine.

Umlando wabantu

Okuningi 4 yeminyaka BC. e. Ithafa Iranian sase sihlala izizwe Turkic. Kwabe ukukhuthazwa kwabo East, kwaze kwaba maphakathi owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Kule ndawo, izizwe zahlukaniswa. Omunye wabo wabe esebuyela kwi-South, lapho kwakhiwa isimo nesi. Eyesibili eholwa Chief Black laba yingxenye ebalulekile yesizwe sakwa esizayo - zamaKaraite. Le ngxenye izizwe bazinza endaweni okuhlangana kuyo samanje Turkey, Syria and Iraq.

Ngalezo zinsuku, ngamaKaraite babe abantu kuphela angafundile. Ngokusho ososayensi, yingakho kwakukhona igama. Phela, igama elithi "isigwebo" ngolimi abahlala angomakhelwane izindawo Semites lisho "funda".

Kuwo wonke umlando saba khona, lesi sizwe kwaba ingxenye uthi ahlukahlukene. Ekuqaleni, kwaba umbuso umHeti. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe - Asiriya. Okulandelayo Karaite abantu wawuyingxenye sasembusweni wasePheresiya futhi Parfanskogo.

Phakathi 2 kuya ku-1 leminyaka BC. e. ingxenye zamaKaraite alishiye abantu bakhe futhi sahlala endaweni eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Nokho, liye laba nethonya yenkolo enkulu labantu esifundeni.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, abantu zamaKaraite ayethanda ukuhlala lo emihumeni. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba imizi ezifana Dzhuft Kale futhi Mangup-Kale. Ezinye izazi ubambe Karaite umsuka umbono of the Virgin Mary, ababefisa ukuba azale Kristu emhumeni.

Ukuqala ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu kwaphawulwa ntuthuko balesi sizwe enyakatho. ZamaKaraite badabula yokhalo Caucasian yalungisa endaweni Dagestan samanje. Ukwenza kusebenze le nqubo esenzeka Ngekhulu lesikhombisa phakathi nokuhlaselwa-Arabhu. ZamaKaraite bayalekelelana zonke izizwe zakwa-Turkic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqamba le Khazar Khanate, okuyinto lashabalala ngemva uhlaselwe YaseCrimea AmaTatar. ZamaKaraite walahlekelwa kakhulu abantu bayo.

Amalungu abasindile kule ubuzwe baba ngaphansi kokubusa amandla abahlaseli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eduze zonakale, kodwa abantu cultured okwengeziwe, hhayi nje amasiko nemikhuba, kodwa futhi ulimi lathathwa AmaTatar. ZamaKaraite ngaphandle isizathu kubhekwa abantu abanekhono kunabo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi namanje olimini YaseCrimea AmaTatar has umehluko omkhulu kulimi namanye amalungu lobuzwe inikezwe.

Igama elithi "isigwebo" alibhekiseli kuphela ekuhlanganyeleni abantu. Leligama lisetshenziswa maqondana nanoma yiluphi abameleli ubuzwe abathi zamaKaraite izimfundiso.

inhlangano yenkolo

Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona ukunyakaza efana ngamaKaraite, okukhulunywa ngakho kuqala nelesi-8 e-Iraq. Kuyinto lolu suku nenkathi emuva kukhulunywa okokuqala othile wenkolo wamaJuda ihlelo ananitov. Injongo umphakathi yokuhlanganisa zonke ziye laphelelwa ithonya amaqembu abangamaJuda ngaphansi banner antiravvanisticheskogo isiqondiso. Inhloko hlelo, Anan ukuvinjelwa uDavide, wathembisa zonke abasekeli bakhe inkululeko egcwele okuhle ukutadisha izimfundiso kaMose, ifuna lo kuphikisa beTalmud, kanye nokuhlonishwa Torah, njengoba incwadi engcwele kuphela.

Umsuka ngamaKaraite, kanye nezincazelo yokholo lwawo futhi ukuphila wayibona incwadi "Eshkol ha Cofer" ebhalwe Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

Kulesi umsebenzi, umlobi wafingqa imikhuba isiko yalesi sizwe, kanye mpikiswano, okuyinto lwenziwe phakathi abameleli bomphakathi namaKristu.

Mayelana ngubani ngamaKaraite, futhi incwadi kusitshela "Adderet Eliyahu", ebhalwe Eliyahu Ben Moshe Bashyachi. Kulesi umsebenzi, eyakhishwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, iqukethe ulwazi olunzulu mayelana umkhuba isiko sokubika uhlanga.

etymology

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "isigwebo" ezweni sethu kwakusho iqembu lenkolo kuphela. Libhekisela inkolo futhi asihlanganise lutho nge ubuzwe. Konke ukushintshwa phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho inkolo akukhulunywa kuphi. Kule ndaba, futhi kwakungekho kokuhlanganiswa elithi "zamaKaraite" ngokuba igama leqembu yobuhlanga zabantu.
Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "kara" namuhla? Bazimisele uhlanga ngaphandle kokubheka inkolo. Ngezinye izikhathi igama elithi "isigwebo" likhombisa sokusebenzisana confessional, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa ubuzwe lomuntu.

ithiyori zamaSemite

Ngokusho kweminye nekucabangela ngamaKaraite ubuzwe sivela iqembu lamaJuda Ethno-yolimi washumayela dotalmudichesky yobuJuda. Lo mbono kwaba kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Futhi ihlukaniswe futhi ngamaKaraite. Namuhla lo mbono kukhonjelwe ukugxeka kusuka abaholi uhlanga. It ayisekelwe ngamalungu wonke umphakathi Karaite. Nokho, Abasekeli umsuka esingumJuda theory namanje lapho manje. Baqhubeka Ukraine kanye eCrimea.

ithiyori Turkic

Kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi nobuzwe babantu ngamaKaraite bavela Khazars. Abantu Turkic ayimizulane (7-10 cc.), Guqula enkolweni yobuJuda.

Lo mbono wafakwa phambili V. Grigorevym (orientalist Russian), ithole ukusakazeka kwalo ngo-1846 In the version kwekhulu lama-20 le-Khazar umsuka ngamaKaraite wayeziqaphela isayensi Soviet. Siyakwamukela umbono onjalo, futhi abaholi isizwe, abaphika yimuphi uxhumano abantu bakhe ebuJudeni futhi amaJuda. Nokho, eziningi zenkolo zamaKaraite Khazar okufushane kwamhlangabeza nokugxekwa. Ngaphandle uphike ukuthi ukhona izakhi Turkic e zavelaphi, bengavumelani nemfundiso Khazar. Kuze kube manje, thina bengavumelani ngale nguqulo, futhi ososayensi abaningi.

Inzalo Khazars ngokuvamile bazibheke ngamaKaraite, Krymchaks namaJuda Intaba. Futhi le nguqulo futhi unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona. Iqiniso lokuthi ngamaKaraite, Krymchaks futhi Intaba amaJuda ngezilimi zazo, ezinye izakhi Isi-Chuvash (Khazar). Esivuna le nguqulo futhi okuqondene inkolo. Krymchaks, kanye Khazars, abathi UbuJuda Orthodox ravvanistichesky.

zokwenziwa theory

Kunenye impendulo yombuzo othi ubani ngamaKaraite. Kuze kube manje, inguqulo ehlanganisa Turkic futhi imfundiso zamaSemite. Ngokusho kwakhe, lesi sizwe umphumela ukuxuba Khazar-YaseCrimea baseBulgaria namaJuda, zamaKaraite. Sibeka phambili lo mbono Yufud Kokizov no-Ilya Casas. Lezi zamaKaraite eyaziwa umangalele ukuthi uhlanga kabani abamele babengabakho, asikwazanga labizwa ngokuthi Semites-ngesihluku egcwele.

Ukuvela eMpumalanga Yurophu

Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi imindeni ambalwa Tartar futhi Karaite abangu ezifuywa Lithuanian isikhulu Vytautas owawuvela eCrimea ukwakhisa yabo ubukhulu bakhe. Nokho, abanye ososayensi (Peter Golden, Dan Shapiro futhi Golda Akhiezer) Kuthi theory ezahlukene kwahlongozwa. Ngokusho hypothesis zabo, okhokho ngamaKaraite, ophilayo namuhla eMpumalanga Yurophu, ngizile hhayi kusukela eCrimea. Zayishiya izwe Lower iVolga kanye nasezintabeni ezisenyakatho Iran, ethunjwa amaMongol. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zamaKaraite afika eYurophu esuka eByzantium, kanye kusukela ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

anthropology

Ephendula umbuzo othi "Ngobani amaKaraite?" Ngazama ukuthola impendulo, kanye nochwepheshe abaningi abathintekayo kulolu cwaningo yomuntu. Ngakho, umuntu oyisazi Constantin Ikov ngo-1880 ibilokhu wafunda mayelana ezintathu kweshumi izingebhezi okuqondene abameleli YaseCrimea khona kwalesi sizwe. isiphetho akunakungatshazwa senziwa ngesisekelo idatha ngamaKaraite kungukuthi okuqondene Semites. Abakwazi labizwa ngokuthi brachycephalic.

Ubukhulu Anthropological we abamele Lithuanian zamaKaraite abaphenywe Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH ngo-1904

Ngo-1910, kwaphethwa ngokuthi usosayensi Vitoldom Shreyberom ukuthi isimo sengqondo zobuhlanga maqondana ngamaKaraite Semites ngabazeka. Lesi sizwe, wathatha eqenjini Finno-Ugric.

Ngo-1912 SA Weissenberg izifundo ezintsha sezenziwe. Usosayensi kuqhathaniswa izici anthropological Krymchaks amaJuda zamaKaraite. Nokho, waphetha ngokuthi zifana last kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezimbili.

ZamaKaraite basePoland Lithuanian abaphenywe ngo-1934 Korrado Dzhini. Usosayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni mayelana uxhumano yalesi sizwe Isi-Chuvash, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ne Khazars futhi Cumans.

Ngo-1963, AN Pulyanosom kwaphawulwa Eduze izici Eastern, ezithinta ngokubukeka kwabo Lithuanian zamaKaraite (bheka ngezansi isithombe).

Igazi ivivinya amalungu aleli qembu yobuhlanga yayiqhutshelwa 1968. Le miphumela wabonisa ukufana ngamaKaraite eLithuania nase-Gibhithe, eyaqinisekisa umsuka abantu iMedithera.

Ngo-1971, Academician V P. Alekseevym owawuse craniologically cwaningo sabantu abahlala edolobheni Khazar Sarkel. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi abantu Karaite kuholele ukuxubana ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala we Khazars (Sarmatians, Alans, Goths).

Esikhathini kusuka 2005 kuya 2013. cwaningo kwavele amasignisha zofuzo okuqondene zamaKaraite amabili nesishiyagalombili. Idatha etholwe wabonisa umsuka Middle Eastern yalesi sizwe futhi isondele Eastern, Sephardic namaJuda Ashkenazi. Isifundo waqinisekisa ukufana Eastern futhi zamaKaraite waseGibhithe.

The main umehluko sangaphandle leli qembu yobuhlanga kuthiwa ebiyelwe ukuphakama Ngokwesilinganiso, esifubeni ezibanzi, izinwele bushelelezi noma kancane mihlobiso namehlo amnyama. Abaningi zamaKaraite (bheka ngezansi isithombe) kufanele ngokuvamile sikhula phansi ikhala almond- namehlo amise, okuyinto aphume ashone ambalwa.

abameleli Skin lokhu ubuzwe nwe umthunzi ophuzi.

Ubuhlobo namaJuda

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngamaKaraite zigcinwe theory isiJuda ivelaphi. Nokho, abazange baphikisane isiko abangamaJuda. Nokho, konke kwashintsha ngemva indawo eyayihlala ngamaKaraite, lathathwa umbuso uMbuso Russian. Njengoba lokhu abameleli isikhathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga kubhekwe baye baphikisane obala uqobo amaJuda. Abaholi zamaKaraite ubuzwe, abantu abadumile emibuthanweni ukwenza izinhlangano zamasiko nezombusazwe, wanika eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma rebuttal isiJuda umsuka abantu bakhe. Ukuqiniswa lokhu kuthambekela iphutha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu izici evumayo ezifana:

- Ukukhululwa, lapho bonke abantu babe namalungelo alinganayo, ngaphandle kumaJuda;
- nokwenziwa ngokolimi, ngelinye ngolimi lwesiHebheru ekukhulekeleni futhi esikhundleni saso alethe Karaite;
- ushintsho Karaite nezihlakaniphi ebuKristwini;
- dejudaization Karaite labantu.

Abamele abantu abahlala ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, futhi namuhla abaqhubeka bephikisana ngokwayo kumaJuda.

inkolo

Karaism kuyinto uhlelo syncretic ehlanganisa izinkolelo nezenzo okungokomthetho ihlelo. Futhi noma kunjalo kuba eduze imfundiso yenkolo enamathela Anan Ben David. Izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo kubhekwe:
- uthando kumakhelwane womuntu futhi kuNkulunkulu;
- nokudunyiswa zonke izinkambiso zokuziphatha, okuyinto eziye zakhishwa YemiBhalo Engcwele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kulo lonke emlandweni wabantu efakiwe Karaite senkululeko yenkolo. Baye ngiyizwe inzondo zenkolo kwezinye izimfundiso, bekholelwa ukuthi kuphela kuleli cala umuntu ofanelekayo wokuphila kwasezulwini. izici ezinjalo zenza zamaKaraite zenkolo ume Lithuanian futhi imvelo YaseCrimea futhi akusho uhlangane nalo. Ngaphandle ihaba, singasho ukuthi inkolo iye yasiza lesisizwe ukuze alondoloze ubuqotho babo namasiko.

Kwezinye emadolobheni eCrimea sisengakwazi ukubona ithempeli (indlu yokukhuleka) ka ngamaKaraite. On olungaphambili lwesonto yayo it has a inkanyezi enamaphoyinti ayisithupha. Nokho, it is hhayi ngokuthi esinagogeni, kenassa. Namuhla kuvame lezi izindlu elahlwa noma ayisetshenziswa inhloso yazo.

abameleli odumile we isizwe

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, abantu kwamasiko kanye nokubhala cabanga zamaKaraite. Osaziwayo yaleli qembu yobuhlanga baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi zezwe nezincwadi. Phakathi kwazo Andron Senior ha-Rofe ben Yosef, owayehlala e-1260-1320 biennium. Wayengumuntu sefilosofi ummeli, umbhali kanye nodokotela, imbongi eyimidanti exegete. Ubunjalo Andron kwadingeka sisangulukile futhi zinengqondo. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe olujulile futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene, wabhala inombolo imisebenzi ezibalulekile. Omunye wabo incwadi "Mivhar" lapho amazwana epha Torah. Le ncwadi ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli omunye the best phakathi Karaite isebenza.

Enye omele ekhazimulayo Karaim wabantu Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 GG.). Lokhu lokugcina hazzan Polish eyasungulwa ngesikhathi Wroclaw kenassa.

Karaite isibalo somphakathi eyaziwa, abavikela kanye UMuphi kwaba Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 GG.). Ngo-1820, wakhonza njengephayona ikhanda lomuzi Yalta. Ngo-1837, lapho kwaqinisekiswa njengoba kuqala YaseCrimea Gaham, futhi wamiswa njengompristi umfundisi eliphakeme ngamaKaraite.

Phakathi abameleli ovelele lesi sizwe zezibalo ezidumile zesayensi yendabuko, ngabaholi bezempi abadlali, abaklami othisha, odokotela, abasebenzi yaseshashalazini nokunye. D.