Angiosperms: izibonelo. izitshalo eziqhakazayo

Iqembu angiosperms kwakhiwa angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-125. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Futhi kuze kube manje, kukhona izingxabano mayelana esithile (inkathi) nesenzakalo yabo. Ezinye ngokuthi inkathi Cretaceous, abanye bekhuluma olukhona kusenesikhathi, isimangalo okwesithathu kamuva.

Ngokungangabazeki, kukhona into eyodwa: kulesi sigaba sama-izitshalo esesikhundleni evelele yalungisa ngokuphelele zonke izingcezu wonke, kusukela emahlathini emvula ziphethe izingwadule ezishisa ezineqhwa be-Afrika kanti Arctic.

Yiziphi, angiosperms? Izibonelo, izici kanye izakhiwo taxon ngezigaba sichaziwe ngezansi.

Angiosperms: umbono jikelele

Igama abameleli leli qembu wathola ngekhono layo harbor imbewu kwezicubu ezithambile noma kanzima umbungu. Phela, indawo imbali, okungukufa ubonakala taxon ezakhiwe ezihlukahlukene ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ayilingani, umbala kanye umsoco isakhiwo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi izithelo.

Lesi sitshalo ngokwayo - kuyinto ukuphunyuka, ushiya izwe ohlelweni impande futhi imbali, ekunqandeni kanye namahlamvu. isitho wokuzala, esibonisa isakhiwo futhi ivumela ukuba ukuzivumelanisa yisiphi kwendawo yemvelo futhi anqobe amasimu amasha ukuze ixazululwe - lena imbali.

Okuningi isakhiwo lesichubekako, eyabonakala ngesikhathi ukuvela izici namathuluzi uvumele abameleli azixoshe gymnosperms, wona kanye Fern. Namuhla, flora iplanethi yethu ubuswa amahle, elikhanyayo, ezihlukahlukene zokuphila yakha angiosperms. Izibonelo kungaba nemiphumela isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba lokuzalwa eyodwa kuphela ingaphezu 13 eziyinkulungwane. Kafushane singathi lokhu: zonke izitshalo nge flower - ke angiosperms.

Isakhiwo jikelele we plan

Izitho main ukuthi ine ilungu leqembu ngalinye - nalezo evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izitshalo ephakeme: impande, ekunqandeni, amahlamvu. isakhiwo engeziwe waqinisekisa angiosperms kungenzeka kuxhomeke emanzini ngenqubo zizalela kwaba imbali.

imbali izingxenye, stipules, isitsha, peduncle, Corolla amacembe, ihlumela, pistil, inhlamba, stamens. Konke lokhu izakhiwo ziyefana izitho zokuzala, kanye nalabo zazo eminye ibe ezingenzeka embungwini, esivikela imbewu ukuba ukhule ngokugcwele.

Abantu bayamthanda umuntu izitshalo izimbali wobuhle okungavamile nesisa, iphunga elimnandi. Ukusebenzisa ayelapha yokukhipha izinto ezikhishwe ewusizo ayesekhulile ukuze bathole izithelo namanzi futhi esihlwabusayo esizayo.

Ukuze izitshalo ngokwabo imbali - isitho esibalulekile ewusizo, okuyinto wabakhulula amanzi, kuncike zizalela, ngoba manje kwenziwa ngosizo kokukhulelwa double. Izithelo ukunikeza ukuphepha kanye nokuvikela imbewu, kanye iqhaza zisakaza zabo ngokudla izilwane, futhi a plus elikhulu esihlukanisa isakhiwo izitshalo angiosperm phakathi kwabanye.

Ezahlukene isakhiwo izimbali, lo ezihlukahlukene mafomu kungandisa izindlela impova, nakho kunomthelela yokwanda ububanzi futhi zisakaza izitshalo.

izici

Yiqiniso, emisha ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi onokwethenjelwa izimbali kwaba ukubunjwa imbali. Nokho, hhayi kuphela lokhu, kodwa amanye izimpawu angiosperms kahle ukugcizelela futhi uqinisekise ukubusa kwabo mass phakathi izitshalo. Ezinjalo njengoba isibonelo:

• Njengoba ngcono uhlelo conduction ehlanganisa phloem ngesihlungo izakhi nezicubu phloem. Lokhu kuvumela ngokushesha ukuthutha namaminerali adingekayo namanzi kanye nezinto eziphilayo ukukhuthaza oyifunayo plant izingxenye sinombono nokugcina olwengeziwe.
• Ukuvikela izakhiwo imbewu pericarp, ngokuvamile obukhulu zikhuluphele izithelo.
• Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izindlela impova (emoyeni, izinambuzane, izilwane, izinyoni, self-impova, impova evela kwezinye, nabanye).
• Izitho zokuzala (gametophytes) bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha futhi kalula, bangaphansi lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela sporophyte isitshalo.
• Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezicubu. abameleli abaningi aqukethe ezinobuthi alkaloids, flavonoid, oluyingozi, nokunye, okuyinto nqanda them izilwane ukudla futhi abavumele ukucindezela ekwandeni kwamanye izitshalo.
• Isakhiwo angiosperms kuhlanganisa khona kwabo izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuphila - izihlahla, izihlahla, notshani, izihlahla, utshani, imivini.

Lezi zici ehlukile ukwenza leli qembu izitshalo kuthandwa kakhulu, eziqinile, babhekana futhi Izindawo. Kanye ezidingekayo futhi libalulekile zomuntu ngamunye kanye namabhizinisi akhe.

ngezigaba

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-250,000 zezintaka angiosperms, abanobunye 13,000 ukubeletha abaqhamuka emindenini 350. Systematics eziningi okwanele taxa nabameleli.

Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe amakilasi ngokuyinhloko angiosperms, zazo zikhona ezimbili:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Ikilasi ngalinye emelelwa imikhaya eminingana, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, futhi ezivamile zonke izindawo.

class dicots

Kuhlanganisa izitshalo angiosperm, izibonelo zazo cishe wonke umuntu ekhaya ngesimo izimbali ezimbizeni. It violets, begonias, spatifillyum, izitshalo zenjoloba. Of nengadi zonke Rosaceae futhi Solanaceae, Cruciferae kanye butterfly, Compositae - rosehip, utamatisi, ukhukhamba, amazambane, iklabishi, amagilebhisi, isitshalo seqanda, nokunye okufana nokolweni kanye nabanye abaningi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zokhuni futhi babe eziqhakazayo, izibonelo yilezi: oki, umlotha, Maple, Linden, birch nokunye. Kwezomnotho kubalulekile abameleli, imithombo materials eziwusizo zokusetshenziswa: ukotini, nelineni, Jute, Hevea, usinamoni, Hemp, umfire nabanye abaningi.

Dicotyledones Ubude has angaphezu kwenkulungwane 170. Species, emelela cishe 75% wabo bonke izitshalo zom. Ngo yabo ngezigaba ingxenye 360 imindeni oda 60 sebehlanganisa kusuka 7 subclasses.

Izici bipartite

Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo.

1. Bukhona imbewu cotyledon ezimbili (neengcezu). Lokhu kungenzeka ikakhulukazi ukubona imidumba Ngokwesibonelo imbewu. Kukhona okuhlukile okukodwa noma 3-4 cotyledons.
2. Uhlobo uhlelo impande: induku. It has cishe zonke izitshalo idatha zezimbali. Izibonelo lapho kulula ukulandela: pepper, Hemp, sembabazane, begonias, isipinashi kanye nokunye. Ukuxolela - amafomu izinkuni.
3. Imbali cishe zonke amane noma amahlanu membered. Akuvamile nezinye.

ekilasini Monocotyledones

Kukhona abameleli angaba yizinkulungwane 80 ezahlukene, munye emndenini. angiosperms eziningi ezibalulekile, izibonelo zazo zifaka hlangana lokhu okulandelako: zonke okusanhlamvu, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, Sedge, izintende kakhulu. Futhi lokho ngeke lonke uhlu, ngoba umkhaya ngamunye kuhlanganisa inqwaba zezinhlobo ezithile abamele.

unenani elikhulu womuntu ukudla umkhakha okusanhlamvu. Yibo laba kutshalwa kakhulu isiko emhlabeni: ukolweni, ilayisi, ibhali, i-rye, corn kanye nabanye.

imphawu letibalulekile monocots

Kukhona ukhiye eziningana:

• uhlelo impande - lunemicu okumbalwa;
• eshiya lanceolate, side;
• imbali ezinyunyana akuvamile amane noma ezimbili;
• cotyledon e-embryo wedwa.

Kuqala amakilasi angiosperms kanye nabameli babo eziningi zakha izinhlobonhlobo nobuhle bawo izitshalo, okukuhle ngakho ukujabulela futhi lokho kusinika ukuphila. Kunjalo, ngoba izitshalo akhiqiza i-oksijini, futhi akekho izilwane akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle le gesi.