Isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezincelisayo. Sakhiwo umsebenzi izibilini isilwane

Phakathi izitshalo sebejwayele iqembu evelele kunazo - angiosperm kanye naphakathi kwezilwane kukhona eziphilayo abe lunye ephakeme nokwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. It ezincelisayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa timphawu tesakhiwo zabo, ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kanye ngezigaba.

Class ezincelisayo: umbono jikelele

ezincelisayo Isici zihlanganisa ekubizweni zonke izici zawo abanakho. Okokuqala, kuba ingashintshwa kakhulu kakhulu izilwane bakwazi axazulule emhlabeni. Lapho betholakala khona kuyo yonke indawo: ku enkabazwe bands, emaqeleni, ezingwadule futhi ngisho amanzi Antarctica.

sokusabalalisa ezinjalo eziningi emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezincelisayo kunezinzuzo zako kanye nezici, okuzoxoxwa kamuva. Umbala wawo nayo ayizange ithuthuke. Isethi zokuguqulwa oluhambelana ibhekane cishe zonke izingxenye zomzimba uma kuziwa kummeleli ethile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha lesi sigaba kwezilwane futhi ihlelwe kakhulu eliphezulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi omunye amaqembu ezincelisayo ubhekwa indoda ezinengqondo.

Ukuthuthukiswa ephakeme zobuchopho ukuvumela abantu bona ahlule zonke ezinye izidalwa. Namuhla ezincelisayo ukudlala indima ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu. Ziyakwazi ngaye:

• ugesi;
• amandla Tractive;
• ezifuywayo;
• laboratory wendaba;
• nabasebenza emapulazini.

ezincelisayo Isici unikezwa ngokwalokho ucwaningo oluningana wesayensi ezahlukene. Kodwa omunye main libizwa theriology ( "terios" - isilo).

ngezigaba ezincelisayo

Kukhona izinto ezahlukene ongazikhetha ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ngemacembu. Kodwa ukuhlukahluka Abamele likhulu kakhulu ukuthi ukwazi ukuyeka ezinye version olulodwa. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi ngezigaba kulekelelwa, ukulungiswa kanye kuphenduke ngenye.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane 5.5 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo zazo 380 ezitholakala emhlabeni endaweni wezwe lakithi. Konke lokhu ukwehluka ezihlanganiswe amaqembu 27. amaqembu mammalian kanje:

• monotremes;
• opossums;
• caenolestes;
• mikrobioterii;
• marsupial;
• bandicoots;
• dvureztsovye;
• indlovu Shrew;
• zlatokrotovye;
• aardvarks;
• hyrax;
• proboscidians;
• inhlabamkhosi;
• Nesambane;
• armadillos;
• lagomorphs;
• namagundane;
• isihlahla shrews;
• COLUGO;
• monkey;
• insectivorous;
• amalulwane;
• solipeds;
• ungulates ngisho Umbala;
• izilwane zasemanzini ezincelisayo;
• okuzingela;
• pangolins.

Konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene izilwane zitholakala kuwo wonke ezindaweni zokuphila ufinyelela kuzo zonke izindawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu. Kuhlanganisa lapha akuzona eziphilayo ezingasekho, ngoba nabo inombolo ezincelisayo imayelana ayizinkulungwane 20 zilwane.

Sakhiwo sangaphandle ezincelisayo

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngaphezu ezingeni eliphezulu yenhlangano ngaphakathi nezilwane ezincelisayo babe okubeka obala izici ngaphandle. izimfanelo ezinjalo kungaba ukuhlukanisa eziyisisekelo eziningana.

1. Siphandla bushelelezi noma ezilukhuni saziso (esimweni unwele lomuntu).
2. Ukwakheka epidermis, umsebenzi zokuzivikela - izimpondo, izinselo, izimpiko, izinwele, eyelashes, amashiya.
3. Ukuba khona nezindlala isikhumba: i sebaceous nomjuluko.
4. amathambo Seven indlela yokwakheka wesibeletho ikholomu vertebral.
5. Testes okweqanda.
6. lokuzalwa Phila njengendlela yokuzala yenzalo, bese ukunakekela kwakhe.
7. Ukuba khona ibele kwabasha, njengoba echaza igama ekilasini.
8. izinga lokushisa emzimbeni unomphela noma homeotherms - esinegazi elifudumele.
9. Ukuba khona diaphragm.
10. namazinyo umahluko nge izakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo.

Ngakho, isakhiwo sangaphandle ezincelisayo has ngokucacile izici zayo siqu. Ngokuphelela kwazo bungabonakala endaweni ekhethekile ohlelweni zomhlaba eziphilayo. Nokho, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, igundane Excavator izinga lokushisa emzimbeni njalo, futhi siphathelene nongenanembeza. A ayikwazanga platypus ukuphila ukubeletha, nakuba zinezikhwepha yinotheria.

Skeleton kanye nezici zayo

Isakhiwo skeleton mammalian angababaza kufanele abhekwe njengendoda sici yabo ehlukile. Phela, nabo basuke kuphela ngokucacile kuhlukaniswe ayisihlanu main:

• skull;
• thorax;
• emgogodleni;
• Ziyisivikelo emikhawulweni engenhla nengezansi;
• nasemilenzeni.

Kulokhu, emgogodleni futhi has izici zayo siqu. Kuhlanganisa:

• intamo;
• webele;
• lumbar;
• ingxenye sacral.

ubukhulu Yekhanda inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela lonke jikelele silwane. Lokhu kusikisela ezingeni lelisetulu inhlangano umsebenzi ubuchopho, ingqondo, ukuziphatha kanye nemizwelo. Umhlathi ongezansi is ezithathekayo enamathiselwe ugebhezi, ngaphezu isakhiwo ebusweni has eyodwa cheekbone.

Isakhiwo skeleton mammalian ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi umgogodla siqukethe platsetalnyh (ie flat) amathambo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa akasekho yimiphi nezilwane ummeleli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emgogodleni itholakala ngaphakathi okuthunyelwe tyazhem eqondile ndaba yalo grey has ukuma "butterfly".

Sezitho Zokwenziwa, noma kunalokho, skeleton zabo, ziyahlukahluka ku lemino, ubude wethambo, kanye neminye imingcele. Lokhu kungenxa lithathelwe endleleni ethile yokuphila. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane enjalo skeleton ukuba zihlolwe ngoba ummeleli ngamunye.

Lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti yezitho zangaphakathi izinhlelo mammalian

Kuyini ngaphakathi emzimbeni sesilwane futhi empeleni yayo, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu wonke umuntu. Kuyinto isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezincelisayo kubenza bakwazi anesikhundla elibusa ezweni nasolwandle. Zonke lezi zici zihlanganisa isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza umzimba ngamunye, bese, futhi wonke umzimba.

Lutho neze okuhlukile isakhiwo sabo ningagcini. izimiso Jikelele kuyagcinwa. Vele ezinye izidumbu Usufike ukuthuthukiswa yabo esiphezulu, okuyinto zashiya izibazi ubuhle ekilasini jikelele.

Kuyinto isihloko esikhulu ukuhlola - isakhiwo ezincelisayo. Ithebula-ke kungaba efanelekayo ukubonakalisa jikelele uhlelo inhlangano nezilwane ezifuywayo kudivayisi alesi sigaba. Kungenzeka ukubonisa yokwakheka emizimbeni, uhlelo main kanye nemisebenzi abasenzela.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi

izici Bezakhiwe esincelisayo ayatholakala emine chambered inhliziyo. Lokhu kungenxa kumiswa ukwahlukanisa egcwele. Leli qiniso ngasekhanda yalokho lezi zilwane esinegazi elifudumele, abe lokushisa emzimbeni njalo futhi homeostasis imvelo yangaphakathi umzimba iyonke.

isimiso sezinzwa

Asebuchosheni nomgogodla, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo - lena ikakhulukazi isakhiwo mammalian. Phela, asikho isilwane 'uyakwazi uhlangabezana imizwelo kakhulu, bangaki bakuphi. Nature ubanike ikhono lokucabanga, ukukhumbula, ukucabanga, ukuba enze izinqumo ngokushesha futhi ngendlela efanele ukuphendula ingozi.

Uma sikhuluma umuntu, kukhona ngokuvamile kunzima ukudlulisa yonke lemali intelligence wokuziphakamisa. Izilwane imizwelo engokwemvelo, umuzwa, okubasiza ukuba baphile. Konke lokhu kulawulwa ubuchopho, ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlelo.

uhlelo alimentary

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezincelisayo evumela ukuba bangagcini nje ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila, kodwa futhi ukuba ukhethe ukudla kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, e ruminants isakhiwo olukhethekile esiswini, ebavumela ukuba kabusha utshani cishe njalo.

Isakhiwo dentition futhi iyahlukahluka kuye kakhulu ngohlobo ukudla. Ngo ezidla uhlaza wabusa bezihlahla, futhi ngokucacile e Amazinyo okuzingela. Zonke lezi zici wokugaya ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye zinhlobo ukhiqiza awayo ama-enzyme lula nemphumelelo nokwenziwa ukudla.

emizimbeni Kwabiwa uhlelo

Izibilini ezincelisayo, kuhileleke nezinye izinkinga okuyinto ekususweni imikhiqizo liquid umzimba, ahlelwe ku isimiso esifanayo. Izinso kusetshenzwe ivolumu omkhulu okusamanzi bese bakha filtrate - umchamo. Yena waqokomisa ureters ku isinye, okuyinto lapho egcwele uthululwa ku imvelo.

uhlelo endocrine

Zonke isakhiwo sangaphakathi mammalian obumbene ngalokuyincenye emsebenzini wabo. Nokho, zikhona izinhlelo ezimbili abaxhumanisi futhi abalawuli ngoba bonke abanye. Ziyakwazi:

• kwemizwa;
• endocrine.

Uma kuqala Lokhu ezinzwa amaza nokushukunyiswa, amahomoni yesibili yokusebenzisa. La makhemikhali nethonya elikhulu. Cishe zonke izinqubo of wekukhula, intfutfuko, nokuvuthwa, ukuthuthukiswa yokuveza imizwelo yakho, idedela imikhiqizo yensimbi, exchange izindlela - kuwumphumela umsebenzi walesi simiso sezinto. Kuhlanganisa izitho ezibalulekile, njenge:

• nezindlala adrenal;
• yegilo;
• thymus ;
• indlala pituitary;
• ngxenye nabanye.

izinzwa

Lokuzaliswa nokuthuthukiswa ezincelisayo, ukuzikhethela kwabo emhlabeni, ukusabela ezingosomathuba - konke lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle izinzwa. Yini analyzers ukuwenza, siye kakade kuchaziwe ethebuleni. Kungaba ezifiselekayo ukuze agcizelele ukubaluleka kanye ezingeni eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa ngamunye kubo.

Amachibi ukuthuthukiswa muhle kakhulu, nakuba ayengazi njengoba ngqo njengoba inyoni. Ukuzwa - a analyzer kubaluleke kakhulu. Zaziziningi izilwane futhi inyamazane kuyinto - ngesisekelo futhi isiqinisekiso siphumelele ekuphileni. Ingonyama iyabhonga sika ungezwakala isisulu, kuyilapho amakhilomitha ambalwa kude.

I-apharathasi vestibular kuyasiza ngokushesha ukushintsha isikhundla komzimba, ukunyakaza futhi uzizwe induduzo kuwo wonke amagumbi emzimbeni. Inzwa yokuhogela futhi isihluthulelo bondlekile kosuku. Phela, iningi izisulu zawo zinomuzwa wokuthi uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi ngu nephunga.

Lokuzaliswa nokuthuthukiswa ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi

Lokuzaliswa nokuthuthukiswa ezincelisayo onguNkulunkulu ophezu kwakho konke izimiso owamukelwa. Abesifazane kanye nabesilisa babe izitho copulatory for kokuzalela kanye kokukhulelwa. Ngemva kwalokho, insikazi uthela cub futhi udlala ukuba ukukhanya. Nokho, eminye futhi iqala Ngokungafani ezincelisayo kuzo zonke ezinye, izilwane ezingaphezu ehlelekile aphansi. Banginakekela wenzalo yabo, ebenza babe omdala futhi ukuphila ezimele.

Isibalo amathole akuyona omkhulu kangaka, ngakho ngamunye kubo athole ukunakekelwa, uthando nothando kubazali bakhe. Indoda, njengoba esivelele ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni isilwane, futhi libonisa ngezinga eliphezulu isazela kwabakhulelwe.