Kwabiwa umzimba: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti. izitho Excretory ezilwaneni: incazelo, ukubaluleka

Ukulondoloza izinga evamile umzimba emzimbeni, ebizwa ngokuthi i homeostasis, esebenzisa neurohumoral isiqondiso izinqubo emishinini yokuphefumula, ukugaya, ukuzehlukanisa kwegazi futhi zizalela. Lesi sihloko kuzoxoxwa nguhlelo isitho ukwabiwa womuntu futhi izilwane, isakhiwo yabo futhi umsebenzi, kanye ukubaluleka ukusabela umzimba eziphilayo.

Ukubaluleka begazi izitho yokwaba

Ngenxa yalokho umzimba okwenzeka engqamuzaneni ngalinye we eziphilayo aqoqana esiningi ezinobuthi, isikhutha ammonia nosawoti. Ukuze ususe kubo udinga uhlelo okwenza kungabi ubuthi ku imvelo. Sakhiwo umsebenzi kohlelo excretory wafunda nokwakheka izitho zomzimba.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ezicezile isitho Kwabiwa livela izilwane ezilwane ezingenamgogodla nge wesimethri zamazwe amabili. Izindonga imizimba yabo eyakhiwa izingqimba ezintathu: Meso Exo futhi endoderm. La magciwane kukhona izimpethu flat and nxazonke, futhi yena uhlelo excretory besenkolweni protonephridia.

Indlela usebenza izitho excretory e flatworms futhi nematodes

Protonephridia ukumela uhlelo indlela okwakheke ngayo ijabulise esukela isiteshi esikhulu longitudinal. Basuke kwakhiwa kusukela yangaphandle lwegciwane ungqimba - exoderm. Ubuthi ion ngokweqile ziboniswa phezu komzimba izimpethu ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni.

Ukuphela kwangaphakathi inikezwa neqembu izinqubo protonephridia - cilia noma flagella. Inamagquma ukunyakaza kwabo enyakaza uketshezi intercellular, okuyinto enomthelela umsebenzi filtration we Amapayipi excretory.

Progressive eyinkimbinkimbi ukwabiwa izitho ezivela annelids

Annelids, ezifana nemisundu eminingi, Nereis, lobworm ikhishiwe ukusuka imikhiqizo yakho umzimba umzimba usebenzisa metanephridia - excretory izitho worm. Sinenkosi uhlobo amashubhu, komunye umkhawulo okuyinto leykovidno landiswa futhi unikezwe cilia, kanye nezinye iya ikhava isilwane nokuvula - isikhathi. Izinkinga zokwenza isitho Kwabiwa nemisundu eminingi kungenxa ukuvela umzimba ingaphakathi yesibili - coelom.

Izici isakhiwo nemisebenzi tubules Malpighian

Abameleli eyisinambuzane ezifana isitho Kwabiwa uthatha uhlobo tubules ekhelini, lapho kusuka hemolymph - uketshezi intracavitary - ugxile ziyoncibilika umzimba kanye nemikhiqizo amanzi okweqile. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-tubules Malpighian futhi abameleli ejwayelekile ye ekilasini arachnids nezinambuzane. Lesi sakamuva, ngaphezu Amapayipi excretory, kunesinye umzimba - umzimba fat, okuyinto buthelela imikhiqizo umzimba. izitsha Malpighian, okuyinto angena ezinobuthi iyangena kwesigaba ezingemuva emathunjini. Kusuka lapho metabolites kuthiwa excreted ngokusebenzisa ingquza.

Kwabiwa nomzimba ezinamagobolondo - isikhuphashe, lobster, ama-lobster, - emelelwa nezindlala oluhlaza zazo Ushintshe metanephridia. Basuke esisogwini cephalothorax isilwane, base ezingemuva izimpondo. Ngaphansi nezindlala oluhlaza elise ezinamagobolondo esinyeni, izikhathi excretory ukuvula.

Kwabiwa Isitho zezinhlanzi

I abameleli besigaba zezinhlanzi bony kuyinto inkinga eminye kohlelo excretory. It has uhlobo emnyama-bomvu emizimbeni iribhoni emise - isiqu izinso engaphezulu esinyeni emoyeni. Kusukela ngamunye kubo ushiya ureter lapho umchamo ugobhozela ku isinye, futhi vele ke - kuvulwa urogenital. I abameleli besigaba lezinhlanzi cartilaginous (oshaka, imisebe), i-ureters uthulule phakathi cloaca futhi esinyeni engekho.

Ngokusekelwe Ukwakheka kohlelo excretory, zonke izinhlanzi bony zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: abahlala amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi usawoti, futhi lapha kwakukhona iqembu okuthiwa i-walk ngokusebenzisa eziphilayo kuzo zombili usawoti namanzi ahlanzekile ngokuqondene izici zidala.

Amachibi izinhlanzi (bass, bream, carp, bream) ukugwema anezele ngokweqile emzimbeni yabo yamanzi kumele sisuse semali ketshezi ngokusebenzisa tubules Malpighian futhi glomeruli kwezinso. Ngakho, carp ezikhishwe ku-120 ml amanzi ngalinye 1 kg isisindo sakhe, futhi eyikati - kuze kube 380-400 ml. Ukuze umzimba akusho ukuzwa ukuntuleka usawoti, ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti gills ukwenza njenge amaphampu, amanzi akhishwa kusukela ion sodium ne-chlorine. ukuphila Marine - cod, ulwe, mackerel, - kunalokho, uhlushwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni. Ukuvimbela amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokugcina evamile ingcindezi osmotic emzimbeni, baphoqekile ukuba baphuze amanzi olwandle, lapho wenziwa ehlungiwe ku izinso, wahlanza kusukela nosawoti. sodium okweqile chloride isuswe ngokusebenzisa gills kanye indle.

Ingabe izinhlanzi ezifudukayo, njenge-umbokwane European, kuyinto "inkinobho" amasu osmoregulation eyenziwa nezinso gills, kuye ngokuthi lapho emanzini they are.

Uhlelo excretory e izilwane zasemhlabeni

Njengamanzi abandayo-abakhileyo imvelo phansi-amanzi, amphibian njengoba izinhlanzi ukususa eziyingozi imikhiqizo umzimba yonkana isikhumba nemikhonto mesonephros. Ngo amaxoxo, zintulo, naseCeylon rybozmeya Kwabiwa umzimba omelelwa izinso abhanqiwe, esisogwini zombili yomgogodla, ne qeda kusukela ureters ageleza phakathi cloaca. Ingxenye imikhiqizo gaseous lokugayeka kokudla isuswa kubo ngokusebenzisa amasegimenti ukukhanya ukuthi enze umsebenzi excretory, kanye isikhumba.

izinso okhalo - izitho eyinhloko izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ukwabiwa

Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo mesonephros ishintshe ibe ifomu okuqhubekayo okwengeziwe kwezitho excretory - izinso ukhalo. Basuke etholakala ekujuleni komgodi okhalo, cishe eduze cloaca e ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni, futhi eduze gonads (testes futhi ezikhiqiza amaqanda) - ezincelisayo. Isisindo kanye ivolumu izinso kwehlile, kodwa ikhono zokuhlunga izinso, nephron amaseli luyanda kakhulu, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni yokuthi ukwabiwa izitho ezilwaneni okuqondene ekilasini izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, ngokuyimpumelelo sihlambulule igazi zonke amatshe futhi ukuvikela umzimba kusuka ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo eliwumhlaba, akukho esinyeni, ngakho umchamo akusho buthelela kubo, futhi we ureter ingena ngokushesha zibe cloaca ke ukuphuma. Lena umshini onciphisa esisindo kwezinyoni, okuyinto ebaluleke, unikezwa ikhono lazo fly.

Filtration futhi adsorption nemisebenzi izinso womuntu

Kubantu, izitho excretory - izinso - ifinyelela ukuthuthukiswa yayo eliphakeme futhi lunye. Kungaba abhekwe njengendoda icwecwe kakhulu (isisindo kokubili izinso omdala ingeqi 300 g) isihlungi yemvelo, okuyinto okuhambisa amaseli ngokusebenzisa yayo - nephrons ukuba 1,500 amalitha igazi ngosuku. Ngo izitho zomzimba futhi imithi, ukuhlinzwa evamile yomzimba unamathisele Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile. Kuhlelo Chinese zempilo U-Shin izinso kuyizinto eziyinhloko isici asekela ukuphila.

parenchyma kwezinso iqukethe mayelana 2 million nephrons, ehlanganisa capsule ka Bowman-Shymlanskaya lapho inqubo okufika igazi kanye kumiswa umchamo primary, futhi tubules convoluted (iluphu of Henle), ukuhlinzeka reabsorption - isizinda abakhethayo glucose, amavithamini kanye ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana amaprotheni isisindo elivela emchamweni primary, futhi ukubuyela kubo ekusakazeni igazi. Ngenxa yalokho, reabsorption kwakhiwa umchamo yesibili. Iqukethe ngokweqile amanzi, usawoti, urea. It okushiya ku ukhalo kwezinso, futhi kubo - ku ureters futhi ku esinyeni. Lena emhlabeni 2 l / usuku. Kule isuswe ngokusebenzisa urethra kwangaphandle.

Ngakho akuvumelekile ekuqongeleleni oketshezini viscera umgodi futhi ukudakwa umzimba uvinjelwe.

Ukuze uthole olunye izitho excretory imikhiqizo umzimba

Ngaphezu kwalokho izinso kokwenza indima esemqoka e osmoregulation futhi asuse nosawoti ngokweqile kanye ubuthi, umsebenzi kancane excretory emzimbeni womuntu usebenza emaphashini, isikhumba, umjuluko nezindlala kanye wokugaya ukudla. Ngakho, ngenxa negesi lokushintshisana, ukusebenza alveoli okuyinto kumasegmenti ukukhanya kwenzeka nokuqedwa kwe-carbon dioxide, umusi, ezinobuthi, ezifana imikhiqizo yokubola ethanol. Ngu excretion izithukuthuku nezindlala isuswe urea, nosawoti ngokweqile namanzi. Isibindi, ngaphandle iqhaza elihamba phambili inqubo wokugaya ukudla, inactivates imikhiqizo anobuthi ukuhlukaniswa amaprotheni, izidakamizwa, utshwala, nosawoti of cadmium nomthofu eziqukethwe igazi emithambo yegazi.

Ukusebenza zonke izinhlaka (izinso, lung, isikhumba, wokugaya ukudla izithukuthuku nezindlala), okuyinto abazalwa nawo umsebenzi excretory inikeza inkambo evamile ukusabela umzimba kanye homeostasis.