Ngiziphi iinarha ze-Russia has umhlaba imingcele? Land imingcele Russia: ubude ikhadi kanye nezwe

Echichima ubude kwemingcele Russian Federation kunqunywa ubukhulu ehlukene insimu yalo, njengoba umbuso wezwe omkhulu. Kulaba amakhilomitha 60.932 we Ubude imingcele ezweni Russia kumephu - ingaphezu 36% - 22.125 km. Ngo enyakatho nasempumalanga imingcele zitholakala olwandle ye-Arctic nePacific, nezwe imingcele Russia eqhubeka kuleli intshonalanga neningizimu.

imingcele Amasha Russian Federation

Umngcele umugqa edabula surface eMhlabeni bese ubeka imingcele ethile ye ukuthi State. Lo mugqa omiswe amadokhumenti omthetho phakathi States (ukurhunyezwa), kanye engaguquki izimpawu zomngcele womuntu emhlabathini (ukutjheja imikhawulo).

Ngenxa yalokho ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, Russia okungukuthi ngendlela enzima isimo, njengoba entsha imingcele ukuthi yayikade kubhekwe zokuphatha, zangaphakathi. Babefanele ukuthuthukisa, okuyinto kuzodinga izindleko ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo imingcele bebesemgwaqeni imingcele ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union. Uma kucatshangelwa amazwe ngawo IRussia umngcele umhlaba, zonke emdeni Russian Federation zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana.

1. ubudala, okuyinto Russia ngofuzo ezazivela eSoviet Union: emazweni aseScandinavia, Poland neChina, Mongolia futhi North Korea. Bakuhlonyiselwe futhi ikakhulukazi eklanywe.

2. imingcele zokuphatha nge-republic ezwe elaliyiSoviet okukhona manje imingcele isimo. Lemisebenti ingaphindze ngamaqembu amabili:

• nge emazweni CIS ;
• nge emazweni aseBaltic.

Lezi imingcele zisekhona insufficiently ayihlomele futhi esobala. Akubona bonke lidlule ngaphambi kokuphela ukurhunyezwa futhi ukutjheja imikhawulo. Hhayi okwamanje ukuxazululwa zonke izindaba hhayi yonke imingcele avikelekile ngokugcwele. Ukuze ukuqonde kangcono lokho IRussia umhlaba imingcele, mhlawumbe yokuhlukanisa okunemibandela wabayisa izigaba ezilandelayo.

Northwest

Enyakatho ingxenye imingcele ezweni Russian Federation ngaphesheya Polar Circle. Land omakhelwane waseRussia enyakatho-ntshonalanga - lena, okokuqala kunakho konke, Norway. Ubude encane yayo - amakhilomitha angamakhulu esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezimbili futhi uyaqhubeka nezimfunda izindawo esigodini emfuleni, ukuswela uzwakalise izimpawu zendawo engokwemvelo. Kutholwe ngasemngceleni-Norwegian futhi Russian izitshalo amandla kanye nokwakhiwa kwemizila ezokuthutha okuhleliwe. Lo mugqa umngcele uhlala ingashintshiwe futhi esitebeleni 1826 ngemva kweminyaka izingxabano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili ngesikhathi betholakala yeNhlonhlo Kola. Njengamanje azikho ingxabano phakathi Norway neRussia akuyona. Kusukela Russian umngcele eya eduze Murmansk esifundeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia has umhlaba imingcele Finland, ubude mayelana 1300 amakhilomitha, luhlanganise encane egqumeni, bogs nasemachibini - ke sekutholakele ngemva iSivumelwano Paris 1947. Kukhona futhi akukho izithiyo zemvelo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ohlangothini Russian izifunda ezintathu asemngceleni Finland - Murmansk, Karelia futhi Petersburg. Le sayithi Kubalulekile ukuqaliswa angaphandle ukuhweba umsebenzi.

Isimo okhethekile Kaliningrad esifundeni

Kaliningrad esifundeni, elisogwini olusentshonalanga ye oLwandle iBaltic futhi polueksklavom Russia, izungezwe futhi has nomngcele ePoland 250 amakhilomitha naseLithuania - ubude angu-300 ukusuka, luhlanganise eMfuleni Neman. Lokuklanywa nge Lithuania ekhishwe ngo-1997, kodwa ezinye izindaba inkani abangazange okwamanje zilungisiwe. Nge Poland akukho ukungezwani phezu imingcele khona.

Asemngceleni emazweni aseBaltic

Kudlulwa kwechibi futhi umfula namathafa, egqumeni elincane, umngcele osentshonalanga siyeza oLwandle Azov. Kule ndawo ezinye emazweni angomakhelwane Russia enze izimangalo insimu encane phikisa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Estonia futhi Latvia isicelo ezweni izifunda eziningana Pskov Region nge endaweni ingqikithi amakhilomitha square ezingaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ubude Belarusian-Russian umngcele umugqa - ayinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Kuwo wonke amazwe ngawo IRussia umngcele nomhlaba, esitebeleni kunazo, futhi akukho ukungezwani indawo phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili akudingeki, futhi kusukela ngo-2011 akekho yiluphi uhlobo ekulawulweni kweminyele. Kungaba ngokukhululekile ukuwela nganoma isiphi isikhathi futhi kunoma iyiphi indawo. Le sayithi kuyinto zokuthutha thutha, ukuxhumanisa eRussia Europe.

Komngcele Ukraine

IRussia umngcele izwe Ukraine mayelana 1300 amakhilomitha, futhi iphuzu eliyinhloko okukhulunywa ngakho lapha yilona eCrimea. imingcele Common amazwe amathathu - Ukraine, eBelarus futhi Russia sezihlonziwe phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet, futhi ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, ensimini ka-Ukraine kuye kwanda ngezithukuthuku ezweni yanika yi amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu kokuphindela eSoviet Union. Kusukela eRussia Ukraine umkhawulo ezindaweni ezimbalwa - lo mugqa umngcele kwamiswa ku 20s sekwephuzile kwekhulu lama-20, futhi ngo-2014 uhlobano phakathi kwala mazwe womabili sawohloka ngenxa enhlonhlweni eCrimea, okuyinto Ukraine uyazicabangela insimu yalo. Nokho, ukudluliswa eCrimea Ukraine kwenziwa yini ngempela yomthethosisekelo ngo-1954, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho Sevastopol waklonyeliswa isimo isikhungo ahlukene okuphatha ukubaluleka kazwelonke, futhi isinqumo ukuze uthumele kwakhe akuvelanga. Ngenxa isimo esishubile phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, IRussia ukucabanga mayelana nokwakhiwa ujantshi imigqa emisha.

umngcele Alpine Russian

umhlaba Russian umngcele eningizimu esuka esigodini Psou River idlule ugema eyinhloko Omkhulu eCaucasus, bese Samur River Valley siyaqhubeka yoLwandle iCaspian. Elingumakhelwane uthi Russia kule obuphelele mkhakha ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane amakhilomitha - Georgia ne-Azerbaijan. Lapha umngcele eyehlayo kahle ku imingcele yemvelo, njengoba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima entabeni ungavumeli ukuba axazulule ezingeni ukuphakama enjalo. Nokho, le ndawo umngcele iwona oyinkinga kakhulu kunawo wonke amazwe ngawo IRussia umngcele umhlaba. Kuyinto kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu zemvelo, ukuhlukahluka yobuhlanga sabantu nesimo esasishubile zezombusazwe ejwayelekile kule ndawo. iqhwa Okuphakade phezu eziqongweni zezintaba zaseCaucasia, emaweni ezigodini entabeni kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa izithiyo zemvelo ukuze elibanzi ukunquma ngokuthe ngqo ubude besikhathi emngceleni. idatha okunjalo kubalulekile ukuze ukuhlela imingcele futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwalo. Lokhu, ehlangene izindleko impahla enkulu.

Connections emngceleni Caucasian

Inkinga izixhumanisi ezokuthutha emazweni Transcaucasian. Wojantshi ezimbili cross-border sisebenza ngokugcwele, eyodwa kuphela - yokuxhuma Azerbaijan ukuze Dagestan. Okwesibili, edabula Abkhazia ayivumelekile ngenxa unswinyo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ngokumelene Georgia, Abkhazia. Ababili imoto indlela Georgia ahanjiswa kumzila abafundi abaphumelela ngayo, kodwa futhi adinga kulungiswe enkulu. Kukhona emizileni izintaba, kodwa basuke ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kuphela ehlobo. izithiyo Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi zezombusazwe ukugxambukela ukusungulwa ubudlelwane bezomnotho. Inkinga iwukuthi e kwamaSoviet, kwamiswa yonke ingqalasizinda njengoba eziyinkimbinkimbi olulodwa amabhizinisi, idinga nokubambisana izakhiwo.

Izinkinga imingcele Caucasian

Kule ndawo kukhona republic engaziwa of Abkhazia naseNingizimu Ossetia. Ukuze sithole imingcele kwasekuqaleni, kubalulekile ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi kwalezi izinhlangano kanye Georgia. Manje bavumelana izindawo, edabula ensimini CBD republic, Karachayevo-Cherkessia futhi Ingushetia, kodwa zashiya abaningi kungalungiswanga imibuzo okubalulekile phakathi Russia nase-Georgia. Ngokujwayelekile, bavumelana ulayini komngcele Azerbaijan, kodwa zikhona ezinye amaphuzu kombango.

Nokho, inkinga enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni kukhona izingxabano ezinodlame, Abashisekeli kanye nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe, okuyinto ziyingozi ubuqotho eRussia kanye namazwe angomakhelwane. Kulezi zimo, kuba enkulu indima kufuduka isici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo kunzima yokuqonda isifika imingcele yezizwe entsha republic Caucasian. Ikakhulukazi uma bengenayo uqondane imingcele yobuhlanga. Ngakho-ke, omunye izinkinga ezibhekene amasevisi umngcele nayo ekwakheni ubuhlobo nabantu bendawo. Noma kunjalo, le ngxenye umngcele kancane kancane azinze nokumisa izixhumanisi cross-border ngamasevisi Transcaucasian.

Komngcele Kazakhstan

umngcele Russian ezweni esisuka kusukela yoLwandle iCaspian ngokusebenzisa emaqeleni eyihlane we iCaspian ukucindezeleka kuya Altai Izintaba isikhathi esingaphezu 7500 amakhilomitha - komngcele Kazakhstan, ubude ngobukhulu futhi otmechennnaya izimpawu zendawo engokwemvelo kuphela Altai. Phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili ongene esivumelwaneni ukurhunyezwa. Lokhu nomngcele ophakathi Kazakhstan neRussia iyisici eyingqayizivele emhlabeni, hhayi kuphela ubude umngcele ezivamile kodwa futhi obala eside. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abelana amasiko enkolo ahlukahlukene wezwe. Kwanele ukwenza ukhululekile imvelo landscape umngcele izindawo ezanele zokuthutha. Njengoba nenkathi yamaSoviet wadala elinobunye ukukhiqizwa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isakhiwo ezokuthutha, imigwaqo eminingi nojantshi ukweqa ekuphathweni wangaphambili, futhi manje emngceleni, ngezinye izikhathi kaningana. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amabili ozama ukwehlisa ukwencika zokuthutha yayo kovela eseduze. Ngenxa yale njongo, nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emisha kanye nojantshi bezitimela.

ukunwetshwa Chinese eRussia

umngcele Russian ezweni kusukela Altai laba yingxenye yolwandle iPacific ngokuvamile idlule izintaba. Ubude joint komngcele line nge Mongolia cishe 3000 amakhilomitha. Phakathi kwamazwe kudala yasayina isivumelwano ku ukurhunyezwa futhi ukutjheja imikhawulo emngceleni ezivamile. Ubudlelwano Sekuyisikhathi eside eyakhelwe ngesisekelo ubungani nokubambisana mutual.

Ukusho mayelana amazwe ngawo IRussia umngcele umhlaba, kuyafaneleka ukuba zihlale ubudlelwane yaseRussia China. Komngcele China uhlukile ukwabelana ezehlukene zezepolitiki, uhlelo civilizational, kuba nokho, akusona isithiyo ukunwetshwa lokubala ubuningi babantu yaleli zwe ezweni Russian. Lokhu kwanda akuyona kuphela ohlangothini isiRashiya, kodwa futhi Kazakhstan, okuyinto kubangelwa ngale. Phela, ingxenye enkulu yomngcele Russian nge China manje joint komngcele line of China, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi, iKyrgyzstan futhi Tajikistan - ngakolunye. Manje ubude umugqa umngcele PRC neRussia ingaphezu 4000 amakhilomitha.

Lokuklanywa yomngcele ne China

Isivumelwano lokuklanywa babe cishe ngomumo ngo-1999, kodwa wahlala imibuzo kungalungiswanga mayelana izindawo ezimbili ezincane eziqukethe ingozi yezinkinga ubudlelwane esikhathini esizayo. ukutjheja imikhawulo Yokugcina komngcele kwenzeka ngo 2005 ngenxa ezivuna indawo ezivela eRussia. Njengamanje, China uthola izinzuzo ezengeziwe ezivela isimo cross-border kuka eRussia. Yena uphoqelekile ukuba ukuxazulula inkinga enzima kufuduka emthethweni Chinese umsebenzi wabo okushushumbisa.

Ubude umngcele umhlaba phakathi Russia nase-North Korea - kancane amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-17 ukusuka, futhi eMfuleni Tumen - lena emfushane kunazo zonke izigaba komngcele. On esiqhingini esincane emfuleni uyindawo engavamile. kuwo zitholakala umngcele lamazwe amathathu - Russia, China ne-North Korea. Zonke izivumelwano ku ukurhunyezwa futhi ukutjheja imikhawulo imingcele phakathi kweNyakatho Korea WaseRussia ngemvume, futhi akukho ukungezwani indawo lapho.