I-Embryology ... Umlando we-embryology

Isayensi yemvelo yesayensi ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningi ezahlukene, ezincane, kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezikhethekile kwezinye izinkinga ezithile zokuqondisa. Lokhu kwenza kube mkhulu kakhulu futhi kubaluleke emhlabeni wonke kubantu ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukugcizelela ithonya layo.

Enye yezesayensi ezibalulekile kwakungu-embryology. Lokhu kuyisiyalo esidala, umqondo wokuthi nomlando wokubunjwa esizoxoxa ngawo kulesi sihloko.

Umqondo wesayensi ye-embryology

I-Embryology ayiyona nje isiyalo semvelo. Lesi yisayensi yonke ehlola ukwakheka, ukuthuthukiswa nokwakhiwa kwemibungu yezidalwa eziphilayo kusukela ngesikhathi sokubukeka kwamaseli ezocansi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo ekuzalweni kwesidalwa esisha.

Zonke lezi zinqubo zibaluleke kakhulu , inkambo yabo efanele futhi evamile ibalulekile . Ngakho-ke, umgomo lo isayensi uzibeka wona ukutadisha yonke imibuzo kanye nezinqubo ezihlobene nemibungu, impilo yabo, imfundo kanye nentuthuko.

Ngokusekelwe emgomweni, imisebenzi ye-embryology yizinto ezilandelayo.

1. Cabanga ngezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kweseli.
2. Thola amaphethini okubunjwa emibungu yezilwane ezisemqoka kanye nezigxobo zomzimba.
3. Landelela izinketho zokwenza izinkomba zokulinganisa zomzimba wenyama yangomuso.
4. Izici zokwakhiwa kwemigodi ye-coelom kanye neziqephu zawo.
5. Ukwakhiwa kwezibungu ezungeze umbungu.
6. Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yonke yezinhlaka, ekugcineni ukukhomba lokhu noma lokho okuphilayo.

Ngakho-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi yi-embryology. Lesi yisayensi ekhethekile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-intrauterine yemibungu kusukela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kwayo kuze kube sekukhanyeni. Futhi nokucwaninga kwezindaba ezihlobene nezinqubo ze-gametogenesis, okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwamaseli wesondo.

I-Etymology yegama

Incazelo yegama elithi "embryology" ilula kakhulu. Ngempela, ngesiLatini, igama elithi "embryo" libizwa ngokuthi i-embryon, futhi ingxenye yesibili yelogos elithi iwumfundiso. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi isihloko sesayensi sibonisa konke okushiwo okujulile, isihloko sesifundo sichazwe ngokufutshane.

Kuzo zonke izichazamazwi ezichazayo zanamuhla, incazelo yegama elithi "embryology" ifana. Kucishe kufane nokuhumusha kusuka kwisiLatini. Engeza into entsha ku-complex. Iyini i-embryology? Kuzo zonke imithombo, impendulo yinye - isayensi yokuthuthukiswa kwangaphambili kwe-embryonic kanye ne-embryonic yezilwane, abantu nezitshalo.

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi

Umlando we-embryology uthatha imvelaphi yawo kusukela emandulo. Omunye wokuqala ozofunda kule ndawo kwakungu-Aristotle. Ukubheka kwakhe kwakufanele ukutadishe ukwakhiwa kombungu weqanda lezinkukhu. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi ebucayi.

Kamuva, ngekhulu le-XVI-XVII, ososayensi ababengummeli walesi siyalo, bahlukaniswe ngamakamu amabili ngemibono yemibono ekubunjweni kwemibungu, futhi ngokujwayelekile imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ezintsha.

Ngakho, kwakukhona:

• Umbono we-preformism;
• I-Epigenesis.

Okusemqoka kokuqala kunjengokulandelayo: zonke izakhi zezinto ezizayo ezingakhulumi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa sezikhona kakade ngendlela eyancishisiwe kakhulu ku-ovum (ovist) noma ku-sperm (i-animalculists). Futhi ngenkambo yokuphila nentuthuko ye-embryo, zivele zikhulise usayizi ngenxa yezakhi ezitholayo.

Imibono enjalo yayiyiqiniso. Nokho, babe khona cishe kuze kube phakathi nekhulu le-XIX. Abaningi balaba mbono phakathi kososayensi ngezikhathi ezahlukene zezikhathi babe:

• UMarcelo Malpighi.
• J. Swarmerdam.
• S. Bonnet.
• A.Galler.
• A. Levenguk.
• I. N. Liberkun nabanye.

Ithiyori yesibili emlandweni wezokuthuthukiswa kwe-embryology, elandelwa futhi nenani elikhulu lamakhanda aqhakazile ngesikhathi esihlukile, ibizwa ngokuthi i-epigenesis. Abasekeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi umzimba uqala ukuthuthukisa ngemuva kokuthola amangqamuzana ocansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukho lutho olulungile embryo okwenzayo. Izakhiwo, izitho zesikhathi esizayo zakhiwa kancane kancane, kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi.

Abamele abalandela kule mibono babe:

• W. Harvey.
• G. Leibniz.
• UFriedrich Wolff.
• UCarl Baer nabanye.

Ekuhlanganiseni kwala makamu amabili, idatha eminingi ye-embryology yabuthwa, ngoba ososayensi baqhubeka benza ucwaningo, ukuhlola, futhi baqoqa izinto ezifundiswayo.

Kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, ngokusho kwemibono yabashushisi bokuqala, ukuqhuma okuchotshoziwe kwenziwa ngenxa yokuthola okulandelayo.

1. Umthetho ngokufana kwemibungu kaCarl Baer. Kulo, uthi kulokho isigaba sokuqala esiyi-embryo, ngokufanayo kufana nezakhiwo ezifanayo kwabanye abameleli bemvelo yasendle.
2. UWolff wachaza izisekelo zokwakheka embryo yenkukhu , ekhombisa ukwakheka kancane kancane.
3. Umsebenzi kaCharles Darwin, lapho echaza imibono yakhe ngenkinga yemvelaphi yezilwane.

Umphumela waba ukwakheka kancane kwesayensi njengoba sikubona namhlanje. Ososayensi abalandelayo bekhulu le-XIX-XX banikela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiyalo:

• Kovalevsky.
• Mechnikov.
• I-Haeckel.
• UWilhelm Roux nabanye.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesayensi okucatshangelwayo zingaboniswa ngamaphuzu alandelayo.

1. Embryology yokuqhathanisa.
2. Ukuhlola.
3. Inani.
4. Ecological.

Ngokusho uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezifundwayo, i-embryology nayo ihlukaniswe:

• Imifino;
• Izilwane;
• Amalungelo.

Isigaba ngasinye sinemigomo yayo, izinjongo kanye nezinto zokucwaninga, ezinokubaluleka okukhulu nokuqondakalayo ekuqondeni izindlela zokuphila. I-embryology yezilwane iyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu yesayensi kwezolimo, ukukhiqiza izilwane.

Isakhiwo se-embryology jikelele

I-embryology ejwayelekile isebenza ocwaningweni kanye nokuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswa kwemibungu yazo zonke izilwane ezisezingeni elihlukahlukene lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto eziningi ezingokoqobo zifakazela ubunye bemvelaphi yazo yonke impilo emhlabeni wethu.

Emkhakheni wokucwaninga kwalesi siyalo ukutadisha izinqubo ze-gametogenesis. I-embryology yedatha ibalulekile empilweni yesizukulwane esizayo, ngakho-ke le sayensi inikwa ukunakwa okukhethekile.

Izici zokuqhathaniswa kwe-embryology

Indlela eyinhloko yokuqhathanisa idatha kulesi siyalo ukuhlaziywa. I-embryology yokuqhathanisa isebenzelana nokuhlolisiswa kwemibungu yezilwane, izitshalo noma abantu ukuze kutholakale ukufana noma imvelaphi yentuthuko.

Umsunguli walo nguKarl Baer, owathola i-ovum yomuntu futhi wenza umthetho wokuqala emibungu. Umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwesiyalo wenziwa nguHaeckel. Umthetho wakhe we- biogenetic usuwonke isikhathi eside. I-embryology yokuqhathanisa ithole ubufakazi obusekela lesi sici.

Ngokwemigomo elula, lo mgomo ubilisa kulokhu okulandelayo: yonke imbungu ihamba ngezigaba eziningi ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwayo. Bonke bobabili baphinda ukuphindaphinda kwenkambo evamile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo zenziwa ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Ngakho ukufaniswa kwesakhiwo semibungu kuzo zonke izigaba zezilwane: inhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Nokho, ngokusho kwedatha yanamuhla, umthetho kaHaeckel awuwona wonke umuntu. Phela, akachazi ukuthi kungani izimpungushe zezinambuzane kanye nabantu abadala bazohluka kakhulu, ikakhulu uma kuziwa ekuguqulweni okungaphelele.

Enye into, efundiswa ngokucophelela yi-embryologists, inguquko. Ngakho-ke, kwafakazelwa ukuthi kuvele ukukhubazeka okudala kwe-chromosomal, umphumela wabo uzoba ngaphezulu ekubonisweni kwangaphandle ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Okungukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isigaba esithintekile, kancane kancane kuyoba yinto ephawulekayo ye-phenotypic kumuntu omdala.

Embryology yezilwane

Lesi sigaba sibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo. Isihloko sokutadisha yizigaba zokwakheka kwemibungu yesilwane. Zilezi zilandelayo:

• Ukutshalaliswa;
• Ukugcoba;
• Morula;
• I-Blastula;
• I-Neurula;
• Ukungena ngemvume.

Okokuthi, i-embryology yezilwane ifana nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye zayo, kuphela indawo ekhethekile kakhulu efundwayo. Iphinde ibheke ukuguqulwa kwesimo senqubo ye-embryogenesis, imithetho kanye nezinqubo zokubunjwa kwabo, futhi ifuna izindlela zokuvimbela nokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izifo zezilwane eziphilayo.

Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezinkukhu, ukuzalisa izinkomo, ukulima izinhlanzi, izinkinga zezilwane kanye nezinkinga zokungena.

Kubaluleka kwezimpumelelo emkhakheni we-embryology

Impumelelo yomhlaba wonke yesimanjemanje, okuyinto i-embryology engayinika umuntu, ukubikezelwa kokungabikho komuntu kanye nokwaziswa okuningiliziwe kwazo zonke izigaba zokwakheka kwemibungu yabantu. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuvumela noma ukugwema ukuzalwa kwezingane ezizolahlwa izifo zofuzo, noma ukulungisa izinguquko zokuguquguquka esikhathini esizayo ngokungenelela kwezokwelapha.

Namuhla wonke owesifazane okhulelwe ungaphansi kokuqondiswa okudokotela odokotela, abangasiza ngemishini ekhethekile, bangabheka futhi babikezele noma yikuphi isimo ekuthuthukiseni ingane.

Amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwalesi sayensi

Ukufaneleka okuyinhloko kwalesi sayensi kuyiqiniso, phambili. Phela, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe akumeli, futhi ubuchwepheshe besikhathi samanje buvumela ukuba ungenele phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokuphila eyaziwayo.

Esikhathini esizayo, kungenzeka ukuvula izinqubo ezinjalo esiteji sokuthuthukiswa kwamabriyoni, okuzosiza ekugwemeni izifo ze-fetal, ukuqeda isimo sokungabi nabantwana nokukhulula abantu ezinkingeni eziningi ezicindezelayo.