Amanzi olwandle

I-UN Resolution yasungula iSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Wamanzi, eligujwa emazweni ahlukene ngoMashi 22. Kulolu suku, kwenziwa imisebenzi eyenziwa ukuthi kugcinwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izinsiza zamanzi ezisemifuleni, amachibi, amachiza, ama-storages, olwandle nolwandle, emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba ngendlela yokunyakaza komhlaba, i-polar ne-mountain mountain noma umphuza emkhathini. Yonke imithombo ihlanganisa imithombo engaphansi komhlaba futhi ingasetshenziswa noma isetshenziselwe izidingo zomuntu. Ingqikithi yenani labo (emanzini, egazini noma eqinile) Emhlabeni yi-1,390 million cubic metres, kanti kuphela ngaphansi kwezingu-3% kuzo zonke izinsiza ziwela ezitokisini ezintsha.

Ezilwandle nasolwandle kunamanzi amaningi (cishe ngo-98%) azo zonke iziphethu zomhlaba. I-chemistry yayo ihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo kanye nenkathi. Amanzi olwandle aqukethe ioni eziningi ezingcolile kunanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamanzi ahlanzekile. Futhi ihluke ngokuphawulekayo ngesilinganiso sezinto eziyoncibilika kuwo. Isibonelo, olwandle nolwandle, kunama-bicarbonates angaphezu kuka-2.8 ngaphezulu kunemifula, kodwa izingxenyana zabo ezihamba phambili ngokuphathelene nazo zonke ions eziqhekekile ziphansi kakhulu (0.14%) kunemithombo yamanzi (48%). Lokhu kungenxa yezikhathi ezahlukene zokuhlala zezixazululo. Ama-sodium ne-chlorine ions asezindaweni eziqhekekile, kanti i-calcium inqanda njenge-carbonate. Ngokuqukethwe kwamakhilogremu wamanzi olwandle, i-ion ejwayelekile kakhulu:

• I-chlorine (0.546 mol);
• I-sodium (0.469 mol);
• I-magnesium (0.0528 mol);
• Sulfate (0.0282 mol);
• I-calcium (0.0103 ama-moles);
• Potassium (0.0102 moles).

Enye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kunazo zonke ezichaza amanzi olwandle kuyisimo salin. Ilinganiselwa ku-ppm (‰) futhi ihlukile kuzo zonke izilwandle nolwandle. I-salinity yesilinganiso engama-35 ‰, okungukuthi, ku-1 litre, 35 g wesawoti asezindaweni eziqhekekile, ikakhulukazi i-chloride ye-sodium. Nge-salinity evamile, ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwamanzi kanje:

• Oxygen 85.84%;
• I-Hydrogen 10.82%;
• I-chlorine 1.94%;
• I-Magnesium 1.1292%;
• I-sodium engu-1.08%;
• Isibabule 0.091%;
• I-calcium 0.04%;
• Potassium 0,04%;
• I-Bromine 0.0067%;
• I-Carbon 0.0028%.

Amanzi olwandle ebusweni ku-25C anesisindo esijwayelekile esingu-1.025 g / cm3 - lokhu kungaphezu kokuhlanzekile, okulinganiselwa ku-25C okulingana no-1.003 g / cm3. Ubuningi bomzimba buncike ngokuqondile ekugxilweni kasawoti kanye ne-inverse yokushisa. Lapho kutholakala kakhulu ama-salts, ubukhulu obuningi. Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle, ukukhulisa okukhulu. Ukushisa kumuntu ophakeme kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-3.52C yolwandle kanye no-3.98C ohlanzekile. Kodwa lezi zinhlobo ziyahlukahluka hhayi kuphela emithonjeni eya emithonjeni, kodwa futhi zixhomeke ekujuleni kwazo. Ekujuleni okukhulu, ubukhulu bungaba nenani lika-1,050 g / cm3 futhi liphakeme nakakhulu. Ukuguqulwa kokubunjwa kwekhwalithi nokulinganisa nakho kulandelwa kahle ku-value ye-pH, ehlukahluka ngaphakathi kwe-7.5-8.4 (medium is slightly alkaline) futhi ibangelwa uhlobo lwe-ions echithwe kanye nokuhlushwa kwazo. I-pH yesibhakabhaka iphakeme kunokuya ekujuleni. Ukungathathi hlangothi nokwehluleka kwamandla kungaba yindawo epholile. I-pH value ephakeme kakhulu (ukuhlushwa okuphansi kakhulu kwe-i-hydrogen ions) ihlale ihlonishwa olwandle.

Iphuzu lokuqhwa kwamanzi olwandle linciphisa ngosawoti okhulayo (ukuhlushwa kwesawoti ocolile). Ngokusawoti okuvamile, kukhululeka ekushiseni okushisayo kuze kube ngaphansi kwe-2C. Ngo-2010, ukushisa okuphansi kunazo zonke ekusakazeni ngaphansi kwe-glacier yase-Antarctic kubhalwe emlandweni, lapho kulinganiswa okungenani 2.6C. Kunezinye izici ezibonisa umehluko emkhatsini wemithombo, kanye nokuhluka kwazo kuye ngokweminye imingcele. Isibonelo, ijubane lomsindo ku-0С. Idlula emanzini emanzini ngomzuzwana 1 1450 m, nangomuntu ohlanzekile - 1407 m. Amanzi olwandle ku-25C ane- viscosity enamandla ka- 9.02 mPO. Ngokwemvelo ehlanzekile, lesi sici esifanayo nokushisa okufanayo kufana ne-8.09 millipoise.

Amanzi olwandle awasetshenziselwa ukuphuza ngenxa yokuhlushwa okuphakeme kwamanoni amaminerali. Uma usebenzisa, udinga ukuphuza uketshezi oluningi oluhlanzekile ukuthola wonke usawoti emzimbeni. Ngakho-ke, kuphela amanzi amasha adliwe, lapho okungaphezu kuka-0.001 g / cm3 kasawoti kuchitheka. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwayo, izitshalo zakhiwe futhi izindlela ezikhethekile zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ama-salts. Lokhu kufaka hlangana ukuqandisa, i-distillation, i-electrolysis, i-exchange exchange, i- osmosis ebuyela emuva, ukuhlukaniswa (ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrodynamic). Ngokwesibonelo, eKazakhstan, idolobha lase-Aktau (owayebizwa ngokuthi iShevchenko) lakhiwa ngo-1972 futhi isitshalo sezwe kuphela se-désalination esenyukisayo sezwe sasebenza iminyaka engaba ngu-30.