Inqubo ye-adiabatic

Kuyaziwa ukuthi into elula kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukuthi into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke emvelweni, ekhombisa ukushintshaniswa kwamandla kagesi, ukushisa kwemizimba ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana kwabo. Lezi zinqubo zizungeze cishe yonke indawo. Ukushintshanisa okushisayo kukhona ngesikhathi sokushintshashintsha kwemishini, yamakhemikhali, kagesi, yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye. Ukushintshana okushisayo kudlala indima enkulu ekukholweni kokuphila okuphilayo. Kakade ukuhluka kwazo kwezinto ezibonakalayo kulandela ukuphetha ngokuthi lezi zenzakalo zingasetshenziswa zombili futhi ziyingozi, kuye ngokuthi yimiphi umsebenzi umcwaningi noma umsunguli anquma. Okungukuthi, kwezinye izimo kudingeka ukuba ususe ukudluliselwa kokushisa ukuze wenze izimo ezidingekayo zokusebenza kwedivayisi ethile, idivaysi noma iyunithi.

Ixazulula lezi zinkinga inqubo ye-adiabatic, okuyinto uhlobo lwenqubo ye-thermodynamic, lapho kungekho ukushintshaniswa kwamandla okushisa kwesistimu okukhulunywe ngayo nemvelo yangaphandle. Igama leli gama ekuhumusheni oluvela esiGrekini likhuluma ngesimo salo - adiabatic noma, njengoba kubizwa ngokuthi, i-adiabatic lisho "elingapheli".

Ngisho nososayensi basendulo babe nesithakazelo kulezi zenzakalo, kodwa isayensi yesayensi yemvelo yabo yabuyela emuva ekhulwini le-17, lapho izitatimende zokuqala ezisekelwe emisebenzini yokuhlola zenziwe. Phakathi kwabesosayensi bokuqala abaye bafunda inqubo ye-adiabatic, kufanele ibizwe ngokuthi u-Guericke, uRobert Boyle, u-Edmi Mariott. Lezi zinsuku ezimbili ziba yizazi zokuqala zezemfundo kule ndawo, njengoba zenze umthetho owaziwa yiBoyle-Mariotte. Umsebenzi wokuqala wokuhlola kule ndawo wenziwa phezu kwamagesi, ngakho-ke ingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubo ezikhombisa inqubo ye-adiabatic ibhekisela ngqo kule midlalo engokwenyama. Kamuva, ububanzi bezocwaningo lwandiswe kakhulu, futhi kuze kube yimanje, izimo ze-adiabatic zifundiswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nasezingeni le-nanotechnology.

Inqubo ye-adiabatic ebhekwe yithi inemvelo kanye nendlela yokubonakaliswa kwayo. Uma izenzakalo ezivamile ze-thermodynamic zibhekene nokukhona kokushisa okushisa, okutholakala ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunamandla okuhambisana nesikhala esiseduze, kulokhu kwenzeka ukushintshaniswa okwenzekayo.

Kukhona indlela yokubonisa ngezibalo inqubo ye-adiabatic, ifomula, okuzokwehluka kuleli cala kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo zenqubo uqobo.

Ifomula evamile ebonisa lokhu yilezi: A = -VU, lapho i-A yenziwa umsebenzi wesistimu ephathekayo, i-VU ubukhulu beshintsho emandleni ayo angaphakathi.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinqubo ze-adiabatic:

- i-adiabatic-isochoric yenziwa ngesenzo esisodwa, ngenxa yalokho kuphela umthamo we-ingxube (V) ohlala njalo kusukela ezinkampanini ezishisayo. Umsebenzi (A), njengoba ungabonakala kusuka kwifomula, kulokhu kuzoba yilapho;

- i-adiabatic-isobaric ibonakala ngokucindezelwa kwegesi lokuhlolwa kwegesi, okungukuthi, ivolumu yayo iyancipha, futhi inani lomsebenzi liba nombi;

- i-adiabatically-isothermal inezakhiwo ezingenalutho ngokuphathelene nesikhathi esedlule futhi ibonakala ngokwanda kwevolumu (okungukuthi, ukwandiswa komzimba), kanti inani lomsebenzi libe lihle.

Kungenzeka ukunikeza izibonelo zezinqubo ze-adiabatic ezitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zemvelo, kanye nezinqubo namadivayisi adalwe ngumuntu. Ngakho, ukuba khona kwabo kubonakala ekusakazweni komsindo gesi. Futhi kanye kanye nomhlaba womhlaba yi-macroprocess e-adiabatic, ngesikhathi umsebenzi othile owenziwa emagesi akwenzayo, okwandisa amandla awo angase abe namandla. Le mbono manje inwetshiwe kwezinye izinto zezinkanyezi.

Izinqubo ezicatshangelwayo zikhona kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwemishini yokushisa ehlukile kanye nezinqubo: ama-locomotives, locomotives, izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi kanye nabanye, lapho kubalulekile ukukhipha ukudluliswa kwamandla okushisa.