Umsebenzi we-Vital nesakhiwo sefungus. Izici zesakhiwo se-mushroom ye-cap

Phakathi kwemibuso emihlanu ekhona yasendle, amakhowe asezingeni elikhethekile. Zinezibonakaliso ezingavamile, zibalinganisa njengeziyingqayizivele, eziyingqayizivele, kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi eziwusizo emvelweni naseziphilayo eziphilayo. Izici zesakhiwo nomsebenzi wokuphila wefungi, sizozama ukucabangela esihlokweni, ukuze siqonde ukuthi yikuphi okuhlukile.

Isici

Umbuso wama-mushroom ungaphezu kwezinhlobo zazo eziyikhulu. Futhi phakathi kwabo ungathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zendlela odla ngayo:

• Saprophytes;
• Iziphazamisi;
• Ama-Symbionts.

Izakhi eziphakeme ezisezingeni eliphansi nelinye lama-multicellular lalezi ziphilayo zisakazeka kakhulu emvelweni futhi zithatha indawo enkulu ohlelweni lwezwe eliphilayo. Unganaki amakhowe nabantu, njengezinto eziphilayo ezingathintana nabo ngaphandle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ezingeni leselula, ngaphakathi (isikhunta esinamandla, candida).

Indima ekhethekile emiphakathini yabantu idlalwa iklasi ekhethekile yama-basidiomycetes, noma amathiwe amakhowe. Phela, iningi lazo yizilwane ezidliwayo ezisetshenziswe ngumuntu njengomkhiqizo obalulekile wokudla okunomsoco ezinkulungwaneni eziningi.

Kusukela ekubukeni kwezinto eziphilayo, isakhiwo sefungus kufanele sigxilwe ngokukhethekile, esinezici ezimbalwa eziseduze nazo zombili izitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Nakuba ngaphandle kuseduze nombuso wesitshalo. Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo se-fungus silula: uma umzimba ungunayo i-unicellular, iqukethe i-mycelium engencellular ne-hyphae ne-sporangia nezinhlamvu. Uma sikhuluma ngommeli ophakeme kakhulu, izingxenye zesakhiwo ziyizi:

• I-Mycelium (i-mycelium) - ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba;
• I-hyphae, ehlangene engxenyeni ye-aerial ngesimo somzimba wesithelo;
• I-foot;
• I-Hat.

Kukhona nalabo abamele okuthile phakathi kwamakhowe asezingeni eliphansi nangaphezulu ekuhleleni nasekuziphatheni.

Ukuhlukaniswa

I-systematics yanamuhla inezinhlaka ezingu-7 eziyinhloko, ezihlangene eminyangweni emithathu. Isakhiwo nomsebenzi wokuphila we-fungus ngayinye yazo kunezici zayo kanye nezakhiwo zabo. Ake siwahlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Ama-Fikomycetes

Inqwaba yalezi zilwane yizifomu ze-parasitic ne-saprophytic, ezisebenzisa impilo yokutshala, izilwane, umuntu, ukudla, izinto zasendlini. Kunezigaba ezintathu:

• I-Chitridiomycetes - izakhamuzi zamanzi amasha nosawoti. Ukuphazamisa ama-algae, kungaphinde kuphefumle i-saprotrophically, kuchithe izinsalela zezicubu zezitshalo nezilwane. Ziyizakhiwo ezingenayo i-unicellular. Izici zesakhiwo se-fungus yaloluhlobo - ngokuthi amaseli anemiphakathi eminingi - i-rhizomycelia, ekhonza ukunamathisela ku-substrate, kanye nokuhamba emkholomu wamanzi. Abamele: chitridium, monoblepharic, spizellomycete, rhizophidia.
• I-Oomycetes yizimbungulu eziyingozi kakhulu zezitshalo eziphakeme, kanye nokubunjwa kwamanzi. Isakhiwo se-fungus simelelwa yi-mycelium eningi ye-multinucleated, ukukhiqizwa kubangelwa ngenxa yezinhlayiya zeselula. Ukuba khona kwe-cellulose emdongeni weseli kubonisa ukusondelana kwezitshalo kakhulu kunomunye umkhuhlane. Abamele: phytophthora, peronospores kanye nabanye. Ababangeli nje ukubola izingxenye zezitshalo, kodwa nezifo eziphila emanzini, ngezinye izikhathi zibhubhisa izitshalo ezigcwele.
• I-Zygomycetes - izakhamuzi zomhlabathi nomoya, amafomu azinhlobonhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imininingwane eminingi izocatshangelwa esibonelweni sommeli oqhakazile - mukora.
• I-Giphohitridiomycetes yizifomu eziphakathi, ekwakheni nasekuziphatheni, phakathi kwe-oomycetes kanye ne-chitridiomycetes.

Eumycetes

Lesi sigaba sinezifomu eziphambili kakhulu ezivela emakilasini amathathu:

• Ama-Ascomycetes amakhowe ayigugu emisebenzini yezokwelapha. Isakhiwo somzimba sisho ukuthi kukhona i-mycelium, i-multicellular, i-septate futhi ithuthukiswe kakhulu. Igama lawo (marsupial) lawa amakhowe athole izikhwama zangempela, ukujula noma i-asci, lapho izingxabano zobulili zenyukela khona. Esikhathini sakhiwo kukhona hyphae, ekugcineni lapho conidia akhiwa, iqhaza ekukhiqizeni. Abamele: imvubelo, penicillium, aspergillus nabanye. Yazisa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-antibiotics.
• I-Deuteromycetes, noma isikhunta esingaphelele. Iningi labamele liyi-Candida, elidala isifo esifanayo emzimbeni womuntu nasezilwaneni. Izicubu nezitho zithintekile. Abanayo i-mycelium yangempela, kuphela isakhiwo se-pseudo. Banda, benza ama-chlamydospores.
• I-Bazidiomycete, noma ifomu lesikhwama. Isakhiwo sefungus laleli klasi sizoxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

Ukufana nezinye izinto eziphilayo

Isakhiwo samaseli ezitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta sinenqwaba yezici ezivamile. Yingakho kungakapheli manje ukuthi kungakapheli isinqumo sokuhlukanisa izilwane ezicatshangelwayo embusweni ohlukile noma uhlangene nezitshalo noma izilwane.

Into ewukuthi kunezibonakaliso eziningana ukuthi amakhowe afana nezitshalo:

1. Ikhono lokukhula okungavinjelwe kulo lonke impilo.
2. Amaseli e-mushroom anezindonga zezinsimbi ezinamandla, njengezitshalo.
3. Izindlela zokukhiqiza zifana: ngosizo lwezinhlamvu kanye nezingxenye ze-mycelium, okuyi-vegetatively.
4. Ukungakwazi ukuhamba esikhala.
5. Ukwamukelwa kwezakhi ngezitshalo.

Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nalabo abathi lezi zikhunta zinciphise izitshalo ngalezi zizathu, kufanele kubalwe amaqiniso amaningana, okufakazela ukufana kwalezi zilwane ezilwaneni:

1. Udonga lweseli luqukethe i-polysaccharide - chitin. Nakuba izinto ezifanayo zakha isifuba sangaphandle lama-crustaceans nezinye izinambuzane.
2. Imikhiqizo ye-uric acid yatholakala emikhiqizweni yomsebenzi we-mushroom.
3. Ukugcina izakhi kulezi zitholakala yi-glycogen, njengabantu.
4. Ngendlela yokwamukela izakhi, lezi yizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, ngoba i-chlorophyll ayitholakali emangqamuzaneni abo.

Ngakho-ke, kusobala ukuthi amakhowe yiwo umbuso ohlukile, ngezici zawo siqu.

Isakhiwo samaseli e-mushroom

Ukufana okungafani nalokhu okungafani nezinye izinto eziphilayo kubonakala nakwesakhiwo esingajulile, ezingeni leselula. Ngakho-ke, iseli le- fungal linenani lezici ezilandelayo:

1. Ngaphandle, lihlukaniswa ngodonga lweseli, njengalokhu ezitshalweni. Noma kunjalo, izinto ezakha lesi sakhiwo zibonisa ukuthi kukhona ukufana okuningi nezilwane. Izingxenye: chitin (kwezinye izinhlobo ze-cellulose), i-glycan, i-polysaccharides, i-monosaccharides, i-heteropolymers. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sakhiwo singakwazi ukuqina, ukuqoqa amasafula e-calcium oxalate, khona-ke i-mycelium yangaphandle kanye nomzimba kuyoba nzima, okukhumbuza isiqu sezitshalo. Kwezinye izimo, udonga lwamaseli lumbozwe nge-mucus evela ngaphandle.
2. Khona-ke isakhiwo esimisiwe sekhanda le-plasma yisakhiwo se-liquid-mosaic, esakhiwe ngezingqimba ze-bilipid ezinamaprotheni angene ngaphakathi nangenhloso ehlukile. Imisebenzi yekhanda linye lifana nelinye lezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu, ukuhlinzeka ngezokuthutha okusebenzayo futhi okungahambi kahle ukuya nasesitokisini.
3. Ngaphansi kwe-plasmalemma i-protoplast ihlanganisa i-vacuole, i-nucleus ene-nucleoli, i-cytoplasm ene-hyaloplasm kanye ne-organoids.
4. I-vacuoles ene-cell sap isifana nokungahambisani nhlobo nesitimu sesitshalo. Phakathi nenkambo yokuphila, inani nenani lalezi zakhiwo lihluka. Esikhathini selikhulu lomdala kunomunye owodwa omkhulu we-parietal vacuole, ogcwele isisombululo esinamapolphosphates, ama-carbohydrate, ama-molecule ayenomsoco.
5. I-nucleus ne-nucleolus zivame ukutholakala ezinkampanini ezilodwa. Zitholakala eduze nendawo yeseli futhi zigcina ukugcina futhi zithumele ulwazi lwefa njengezimoleklikhi ze-nucleic acid (i-DNA, i-RNA). Isakhiwo se-cell fungal siyathakazelisa ngokuthi i-nuclei iphindwe kabili ngokuhlukaniswa kwemithi, kodwa ayihlukanisi masinyane ngamaseli amabili ngendwangu eguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esithile esakhiweni sefungus singatholakala ama-double-core kanye ne-tri-nuclear formations.
6. I-cytoplasm yi-hyaloplasm yeseli kanye nama-organelles. Esikhathini esiphakathi kwamanzi, ama-carbohydrate ahlakazeka, ukutholakala kwe-glycogen kuyatholakala, ama-microfilaments akhula, i-cytoskeleton yeseli ikhiwa. I-organelles yi-mitochondria, i-ribosomes, i-dictyosomes. Ekhuluma ngezici zesakhiwo sefungus, kufanelekile ukubhekisela kuma-omasomes. Lawa yizindikimba ezingaguquki, okuyingxenye yawo engakacaci.

Ngakho-ke, iseli le-fungus liwabelana ngokufana kokubili kwesilwane nesitshalo. Noma kunjalo, kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezithile eziqondile.

Amakhowe we-Unicellular: i-mucor

Abamele lolu hlobo babone, mhlawumbe, konke. Umkhuhlane omhlophe we-fluffy, obonakala ngokudla, imifino nezithelo, izicubu zezitshalo nezesilwane eziyi-stale yi-fungus of the genus Mukor wekilasi leZygomycete.

Ngaphandle, uma ibhekwa ngamehlo, ibukeka njengombhobho ophuza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuba mnyama futhi kuba yimpunga, imbala. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukukhuphula izinhlamvu ku-sporangia, lapho isikhunta sikhule futhi silungiselela ukukhiqiza.

Isakhiwo se- mushroom samakhowe esibunjiwe silula. Okokuqala, konke - isakhiwo esisodwa esikhulu sezinsizakalo, futhi siyi-unicellular. I-mycelium nje i-nyukliya eningi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa, iqina kakhulu. Kubonakala sengathi kunezinto eziningi eziphilayo, kodwa lokhu akunjalo.

I-hyphae yale fungus ikhula phezulu phezulu futhi ekugcineni yakha i-sporangia, kaningi i-globula lapho izinhlamvu zivuthiwe. Elinye igama le-mucor liyi-mild head. Yanikezwa yona ngokuqondile ngenxa yokwakhiwa nokuhlelwa okunjalo kwezinhlaka ezithwala izifo.

Ngemuva kokuvuthwa, amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu athululela kusuka e-sporangia eqhuma futhi aqala ukuhluma efomu elisha. Futhi phambi kwenqubo yezocansi - iphinda ikhiqize i-mold mushroom mucor. Ukwakhiwa kwezitho ezifunayo kuyinkambo yesimiso esisodwa somyalo owodwa noma ohlukile ojoyina ndawonye ukwakha i-zygote. Ngokulandelayo unikeza i-hypha entsha nge-sporangia, engumzimba ozimele.

Lesi sakhiwo se-fungus asikwenzi kube yingozi kubantu. Yiqiniso, ezinye izinhlobo zingabangela amakoromycoses of izilwane nabantu, kodwa ukubaluleka okumele abamele kuleli klasi nakho kuhle. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, bangabakhi bomkhiqizo obalulekile wokwelapha - i-Ramicin. Futhi, ukutholakala kwemisebenzi ephakeme ye-enzymatic kwenza kube lula ukuwasebenzisa njengamasiko okuqala emvubelo lapho uthola izinhlobo ezithile zokuphuza utshwala, ushizi nokunye okunjalo.

Isifungulu se-multicellular: basidiomycetes

Leli klasi linamalungu angaphezu kuka-31500 abameleli abahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kunezimpungushe ezimbili kanye nezidakamizwa. Iqembu elithakazelisayo kunazo zonke amakhowe adlayo, okuthiwa ama-caplets. Abamele umbuso abanjalo bangena ekubambisaneni okuzuzisayo kanye nezimpande zezihlahla, okwakhiwa okuthiwa i-mycorrhizas - ukuhamba okunamandla kwe-hyphae ye-fungus kanye nezimpande zesitshalo. Yiqiniso, akubona bonke abameleli abenza kanjalo, kodwa lokho okudliwayo kuwela ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba.

Okuphawulekayo kwesakhiwo se-caplet fungus kuqukethe ukuthi i-multicellular, ephelele, enezingxenye ezithile zomzimba, eziyizinto zayo ezihlukile. Ngakho, lowo nalowo omelele unengxenye engaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba.

Ukubukeka

Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-fungus sihlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-cap of izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, isithelo sesithelo esingalingani nobude nengxenye engaphansi komhlaba - i-mycorrhiza, ehlanganisa i-mycelium ne-hyphae ehlangene nezimpande zemithi.

Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu oye wahamba phakathi kwezinkuni wayekwazi ukubona izigqoko ezinamathele ezinama-mushroom zibuka ngaphandle kokuhamba kwamagatsha namahlathi. Okumhlophe, obomvu, i-orange, ophuzi, obomvu, omncane nomkhulu, okunomsoco futhi onomuncu, okuhlwabusayo futhi okunomsoco - lezi ziphilayo ziye zangena ngokuqinile empilweni yabantu futhi zakha ingxenye ethile yokudliwa kwabaningi babo.

Ngaphandle, ungabona umzimba owenziwe yi-fruiting kuphela, kodwa izici zesakhiwo se-caplet fungus zingaqondwa kuphela ngokuhlaziywa okucashile, ukusika kanye ne-microscopy.

Isakhiwo somzimba

I-Penek, i-cap, i-mycelium (i-mycelium) - lezi yizingxenye eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zabamele. Isakhiwo somzimba we-fungal uhlukile. Kunalokho, zihluka ngobukhulu nombala, kanye nezinye izici ze-cap. Ngaphakathi, lowo mlenze, ukuthi isigqoko siwuhlaka oluqinile lwe-mushroom hyphae enhlanganisela ehlukene.

Ngakho-ke, umlenze uqukethe izinkulungwane ezingamakhulu angama-strings ezinhle kunazo zonke, ezihlangene ngokujwayelekile esakhiweni jikelele. Engxenyeni engezansi ihamba kahle ibe i-mycelium, ifihliwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Uma usika i-mushroom ngokucophelela, ungabona lezi zimila ezincane ezinjengezintambo ezimhlophe, ezisuka emhlabathini bese zikhula zibe yisitshalo.

Engxenyeni engenhla, ngokushesha ngaphansi kwe-bonnet, unyawo lwama-mushroom lunomgubuzelo noma luhlala lapho kunciphisa kwezinye izinhlobo. Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinobuthi nokudla, futhi ukuhlelwa kabusha nokuzihlukanisa.

Ingaphezulu yomlenze igqoke i-cap. Kukhona futhi nesici. Isakhiwo se-mushroom ye-cap yenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezidliwayo ezivela ezinobuthi. Ngakho, isigqoko sinezinhlobo ezimbili:

• I-Plate - ihlangothini elingaphakathi lamacwecwe amancane, lapho kutholakala khona izinhlamvu ezivuthiwe nezivuthiwe. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo: ama-freckles, russula, abomvu.
• I-Tubular - yenziwa ngamatayipi abonakala emehlweni. Lezi zakhiwo nazo zakha izinhlamvu zokukhiqiza. Izibonelo: amafutha, amakhowe amhlophe, ama-boletus, ama-chanterelles.

Lesi sakhiwo se-cap ne-sporangia sabizwa ngokuthi i-hymenophore. Ngaphandle, leli cap limbozwe ngendwangu encane futhi encane ye-peel, futhi ngaphakathi ngaphakathi yi-hyphae. Kunombala ohlukile, okuvela kuwo ongagweba uhlobo lwefungus.

Isakhiwo se-mycelium

I-mushroom yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu, eyakhiwa ngamakhowe. Isakhiwo somzimba singama-hyphae, njengoba sesishilo kakade. Kodwa i-mycelium iyi-cell egcwele i-multinucleated cell, engenayo i-pigments.

I-mycelium engena ku-symbiosis ngezimpande zezihlahla futhi iqhuba izinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali kanye namanzi emaphethelweni emifula eya esihlahleni. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, i-fungus ithola izinto eziphilayo ezivela esitshalweni, okwenza kube yi-heterotroph ngendlela edla ngayo.

Isakhiwo sefungus elifakiwe sisho ukusabalalisa yizinhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, i-mycelium uma ingena ezimweni ezijwayelekile (umswakama omuhle, izinga lokushisa) lingakwazi ukuveza izidumbu ezintsha zezithelo. Ngakho-ke, i-mycelium isibindi esibizwa nge-organ of reproduction reproduction.

Izingxabano

Lezi zakhiwo ezincane, eziyinqwaba ye-powder yembala ehlukahlukene, ingumthombo oyinhloko wokuqhubeka kohlobo lwesikhunta. Ukulala ngaphandle kwe-sporangia ku-bonnet, bathathwa umoya bese bathatha amabanga amade. Izilwane eziningi ezidla amakhowe azikwazi ukugcoba izinhlamvu zazo, ngakho ziyancipha kanye nendwangu emvelweni. Lapha izinhlanzi zezinyoni zesikhathi esizayo zithola ithuba lokuphila uma kwenzeka ukhula lwenkohlakalo nokuhluma kwezinhlamvu. Ukuma, ubukhulu kanye nombala wale maseli kubonakala iningi lezinhlobo zefungi, liqondana nabo ngesinye noma esinye isigaba.

Ekuphetheni, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi abamele umbuso wamakhowe yizinto eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta zonke izinto eziphilayo eziyingxenye yamaketanga okudla, okwenza kube khona umonakalo ongenakuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi usinike isilasiselo sezifo eziningi.