Kuyini isibopho se-polar covalent

Ukubambisana kwe-polar ehambisanayo kungenye yezinhlobo zokubopha kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-athomu enkinga, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-molecule. Uma igama elithi "uxhumano" lingakhulisi izinkinga ngokuqonda, khona-ke imigomo ethi "covalent" ne "polar" kumuntu ongakulungelelwa ayifakazi (Yebo, uma nje uhlelo lwesikolo samakhemikhali lungakhohlwa).

Ngakho, igama elithi "covalent" lisuselwa ku- "co-" nelithi "-valent", okusho ukuthi ngokweqile kusho amandla aqondanisiwe. Ngempela, lokhu kuyinhlangano ekwazi ukuhlanganisa ama-athomu amabili abe yi-molecule, iphinda ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuyele emuva. Njengoba zonke i-nuclei zilingana, ama-electron ajikelezayo azungeze kuphela "izinhlangothi" zangaphandle, kodwa futhi igebe phakathi kwama-athomu. Singasho ukuthi yisibopho esivamile. Kulesi simo, uhlelo olunjalo oluphindwe kabili luvame ukupheleliswa kokucushwa kwe- electron, ngoba abathwali bezinkokhelo bengezela ama-athomu asebenzisanayo. Qaphela ukuthi i-pair of electron kuphela eyaziwa lolu hlobo lokuxhumana.

Enye into ehlukile yalesi simo yilona uhlobo lwe-ionic yesibopho. Njengoba i-ion ikhiwa lapho i-athomu ilahlekelwa i-electron, ivela lapho abathwali bezokushintshanisa inkokhelo engafanele, okuyisici se-athomu yezinto ezahlukene (isb., I-fluorine ne-sodium).

Isibopho se-polar covalent siyisilinganiso esiphakathi. Lolu hlobo lokukhumbuza "ngokuqinile" ngokuthi i-orbital yamangqamuzana (inhlanganisela yezindlela), futhi kusukela kwi-ionic kuyo "i-tug-of-war" engezansi yabathwali bokushaja. Lo mbhangqwana uhambela kwelinye lama-athomu, kodwa alishiyi ngokuphelele indawo yenye. Isibonelo lapho isibopho se-poval covalent i-molecule yamanzi. Amagobolondo aqediwe adalwa ngokuhlanganisa i-athomu eyodwa ne-athomu amabili e-hydrogen. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-oksijini inempahla ekhanga kakhulu yokuheha ama-electron, umbhangqwana wabo uhanjiswe ku-O "core". Ngale ndlela, ama-athomu akwenzeki ukuthi enze ama-electron amabili: angaba amabili, amathathu, njll. Isibopho se-poval esivumelanayo senza ohlelweni lokusabalalisa inkokhelo (okuyingxenye) futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ubugqila. I-orientation ye-molecule ihlonishwa ngokwemigqa yamandla ensimu. Kungashiwo ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kusatshalaliswa i-dipole ye-molecule ekhethekile. Isikhathi salo (mu) sakha insimu kagesi nokuhlupha. Kunezibalo eziningi zokubala umzuzu we-dipole (ikakhulukazi, umkhiqizo webanga ngehora), benza kube lula ukubala inani le-polarity ye-molecule eyakhelwe.

Ngamanye amazwi, isibopho se-poval esivumelanayo singakhiwa ngama-athomu ogunyaziwe, okwehlukile, akwanele ukwakha isibopho se-ionic. Masihlathulule ukuthi yikuphi ukukhethwa kwamandla. Leli gama libonisa ikhono le-athomu ukuheha ku-nucleus yayo abathwali abathintekayo bokushayela okungalungile. Ngokusobala, ngokuhambisana nomthetho wokulondoloza amandla, izibopho ze-interatomic ezengeziwe, ubude babo bude. Ngokuvamile, isibopho se-poval esivumelanayo siyisici se-athomu esinezici zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Ibonakala ngokuma kwendawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukwakha ama-molecule kuphela, kodwa futhi ama-crystal lattices, lapho ama-athomu afakwa khona ngokuhleleka kwe-geometrically.

Njengoba ukuxhumeka, eqinisweni, kufakwe ama-electron amabili (noma ngaphezulu) ama-athomu ahlukene, amandla ayo ngokuyinhloko axhomeke ekutheni kuvela okuningi kangakanani. Akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi ngenxa yokudalwa kwamabili, ku-guclear intern value ukubaluleka kwe-elektroniki yanda.