I-Anisotropy yiyiphi? Incazelo kanye nesicelo

Lesi sihloko sisitshela ukuthi i-anisotropy ukungalingani kwamanani enani elithile lomzimba ngezindlela ezihlukene zomzimba oqinile. Iveza ukuthi kubangelwa yini i-anisotropy, lapho kwenzeka, ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Futhi incazelo emfushane ye coefficient i-anisotropy inikezwa.

Ukunqunywa kwe-anisotropy

Okokuqala, sinikeza incazelo yalo mqondo. I-Anisotropy yimpikiswano ezindaweni kanye nemingcele yento ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kuvela kancane kancane okungaqondakali futhi ngokucacile kudinga incazelo. Izakhiwo zisho noma yiziphi izici zezinto - ukuqina, isivinini somsindo, inkomba yokucubungula, ukuqhuba okushisayo, ukuqhuba umshini kagesi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ngejubane lomsindo, i-anisotropy iyinhlangano lapho amagagasi omsindo ehamba khona edwaleni elinejubane ehlukile kuneyindlela. Kulesi simo, le ndawo isisiza ukucacisa amadwala aphansi emhlabathini. Ukusakazeka kwemvelo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba, isibonelo, noma ngomthelela oqinile owenziwe ngokukhethekile, kuzonikeza umqondo wobuningi kanye ne-angle of occurrence yamaminerali ahlukene.

Yini ebangela i-anisotropy?

Uma kukhulunywa ngaleli gama ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi i-anisotropy yama-crystals. Lesi sigaba sibhekene nesimo semvelo esiqinile. Futhi noma yimuphi umsosayensi kule nkambu kuqala uyazi: izindawo zezinto azixhomeki kuphela kulawo athomu eziqukethe, kodwa nokuthi yikuphi ukuhleleka nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zomunye lezi athomu ezixhunyiwe. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu: kuxhomeke eqenjini le-symmetry yesakhiwo esiphelele. Kukhona amashumi amathathu nambili kubo. Iqembu le-symmetry likhombisa ukuthi yikuphi futhi ukunyakaza okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze izakhi ezifanayo zihlangane futhi zihambisane ngokuphelele. Lezi zenzo zihlanganisa: ukuguqula i-axes (ngezinga elithile), ukucabangela kusuka indiza noma iphuzu, inversion. Iqembu le-symmetry futhi libonisa ukuthi kuzoba yini i-anisotropy yama-crystals. Izinto ezinesakhiwo se-cubic, isibonelo, awunayo le ndawo. Imingcele yezinyosi ezinjalo zifana nazo zonke izinkomba.

Yimuphi i-angle edingekayo e-anisotropy?

Ngenhla sinikeze isibonelo lapho ukusakazwa kwezwi kungavumelani ngendlela ehamba ngayo. Lokhu kuyisibonelo esikhethekile sokuthi i-anisotropy yezinto ezibonakalayo ibonakala kanjani, ebizwa ngokuthi i-orotropy term. Noma kunjalo, i-symmetry yama-crystals akuyona kuphela i-cubic noma i-rhombic. Kuyinto encane, lapho ukuphindaphinda kwezakhi zesakhiwo kwenzeka uma ubuyela engxenyeni yesithathu yombuthano, noma ngisho no-hexagonal, khona-ke i-angle of rotation ilingana nomunye wesithupha wendilinga. Ukulinganisa kwesigaba esingaphansi, i-monoclinic, kwenza kube lula ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zingalingani ekristini ezinkombini ezintathu ezilandelanayo. Ngakho-ke, i-anisotropy iyinhlangano yamagumbi okukristallini , angabonakaliswa nganoma yikuphi ukushayela kokubili kwelinye indiza nangomqulu.

Ingabe zonke izindawo zine-anisotropy?

Lo mbuzo ungokwemvelo. Uma indawo eyodwa kulesi crystal inesi-anisotropy, ingabe enye imingcele kufanele ilandele lesi sibonelo? Okuzikhethela. Thatha, isibonelo, amakristalu asetshenziswa kumadivayisi wombono ebusuku. Bakwazi ukuguqula ukukhanya okungabonakali kwe-infrared ebangeni elibonakalayo (ngokuvamile kuvame isithombe se-shade ehlukene yohlaza). Ezintweni ezinjalo i-anisotropy yiyona ndawo esemqoka efanelekayo futhi ingaba usizo. Futhi, ukuze umphumela ube ngcono, ama-crystals kufanele aphendulwe ngenye indlela (ngale njongo, akhule ngokukhethekile ngendlela ecacisiwe). Ngenye indlela, ukuguqulwa kwemisebe kungaphansi noma kungabikho ngokuphelele. Kulesi simo, ukuqhuba okushisayo, ukuvakala komsindo noma i-electrodiffusion kuzo kufakazelwa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izinkomba. Kubuye kwenzeke ukuthi ngomhlaba owodwa i-angle of umehluko yezici zayo ingenye, kanti enye-enye. Kodwa lezi zivele ziyizicukuthwane.

Kuphi enye i-anisotropy?

Lapho umuntu ezwa "amakristalu", ngokuvamile ucabanga ikholomu ye-quartz noma i-amethyst. Amanye amantombazane mhlawumbe bacabanga ngezindwangu. Noma kunjalo, noma yikuphi okuqinile kungaba ukukhamuluka. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-tin nayo ihlanganisa amakristalu, kuphela amancane kakhulu. Futhi ngayinye into enjalo ezingeni eliphansi, i-anisotropy yezinsimbi iphinde ibonwe. Noma kunjalo, izakhiwo ezisakazwa ngezikhombandlela ezizenzekelayo ngezindlela ezehlukene, okucacile futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke azibonakali. Isibonelo, emakhakheni e-cubic ensimbi ne-aluminium, i-module ye-Young's elastic ehlukile ihluka nge-axis ekhethiwe. Ukwandiswa okukodwa kwe-tin ezikhombandleleni ezahlukene kuhluke cishe kabili. Noma kunjalo, imininingwane enjalo, njengomthetho, akudingeki ukuba ilandelwe nsuku zonke. Phela, i-anisotropy yensimbi nemiphumela yayo, njengomthetho, ihlelwe kuzo zonke izicelo zayo ezingeni lesiteji sokwakha izinto, izakhiwo, izindiza, izimoto.

Indlela yokubala i-anisotropy?

Konke okubhaliwe ngenhla, sithemba, sitshele ngokucacile umfundi ukuthi yini i-anisotropy. Kodwa-ke, omunye umbuzo uphakama: sibheka kanjani ukuthi zihlukile kanjani lezi zakhiwo ngokulandela izinkombandlela ezingahambisani naso eziqinile? Kulokhu, kukhona i-coefficient ye-anisotropy. Ngaso leso sikhathi sizokwenza ukubhuka, ngoba usayizi ngamunye ubalwa ngendlela yakhe. Izinkomba ezithola i-anisotropy zingase zihluke komunye nomunye. Izakhiwo ze-mechanical noma i-quantum system zihluke kakhulu, ezamukelekayo komunye, ngoba enye ngeke ibe yinto engenakwenzeka noma engenakwenzeka ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngenye coefficient evamile nganoma yiliphi inani. Ngokungeziwe, ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukubala ukuthi kunengqondo, leli xabiso litholakala kuphela ngendlela yokuhlola. I-coefficient ye-anisotropy ihlanganisa isilinganiso samanani obuningi bokuphenya ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kufaka phakathi i-angle phakathi kwekhombandlela ekhethiwe. Iqiniso, ngokuvamile kaningi nje njengenkomba ngaphansi kwenani lexabiso. Isibonelo, i-K _xy ikhombisa ukuthi le coefficient ibhekisela emkhatsini wemagugu obuningi bomzimba phakathi kwe-x ne-y axxes.