Chemical futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba materials

Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-abayizigidi ezingu-2.5 compounds ezihlukahlukene, kokubili zemvelo futhi eyayenziwe kwemiqondo ngumuntu. Bonke ezihlukene kakhulu, ezinye zazo - abahlanganyeli ubalulekile izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo okwenzeka eziphilayo. Compounds ihluke nomunye izakhiwo izinto. Imininingwane nalokho Kusengenzeka ukuhlonza ethile chemical molecule kuchaziwe ngezansi.

Kwenzenjani?

Uma ukunikeza incazelo lo mqondo, kubalulekile ukuba aveze uxhumo lwayo imizimba engokomzimba. Phela, ketshezi ubhekwa kahle ukuthi liqukethe lezi zindikimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ingilazi, zensimbi, isibabule, ukhuni - ikhemikhali. Izibonelo lungenzeka ngokungenamkhawulo. Kulula ukuqonda lokhu okulandelayo: Sibheka leli gama libhekisela konke emhlabeni kukhona ezihlukahlukene inhlanganisela ezahlukene zishintshe, kanye izinhlayiya elula monatomic.

Ngakho, amanzi, utshwala, acid, alkalis, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, usawoti, ushukela, isihlabathi, ubumba, idayimane, amagesi, njll - ke kungukuqiniseka. Izibonelo kungaba ngokucacile abaningi begcina okushiwo lo mqondo.

Komzimba - kuba umkhiqizo, okudaliwe ngokwemvelo noma indoda ngesisekelo compounds ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ingilazi - umzimba esakhiwa ingilazi futhi ephepheni - umzimba okuyinto cellulose kusetshenzwe noma ukhuni.

Yiqiniso, wonke amangqamuzana awafani. Siyini isisekelo kokungavumelani babiza izakhiwo zabo - ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo kanye izakhiwo organoleptic. Basuke kuchazwa besebenzisa amasu ekhethekile isayensi ngamunye yayo. Kungaba zezibalo, kohlaziyo, zokuhlola, izindlela wezinsimbi, futhi ezihlukahlukene abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, isayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali isebenzisa impahla ngayinye, noma kunalokho, ukuze kungaziwa ukuthi kwakuyisifo sini, ngummeli wakho. Wayelethwa akhethiwe ngesisekelo izici kwesakhiwo engqamuzaneni kanye ukubikezela nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Khona-ke wavivinya Ucwaningo kuvunyelwa ilungiswe ngesisekelo theory.

Ukwahlukaniswa izinto

Ngesisekelo division ngemacembu zezakhi zingabekwa izici eziningi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo uquqaba. Bonke kungaba kule factor izinhlobo ezine:

• plasma;
• igesi;
• uketshezi;
• crystalline impahla (okuqinile).

Uma sithatha njengesisekelo uphawu ngaphezulu "ezijulile", zonke izinto zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• organic - based ngamaketanga nemijikelezo carbon ne-hydrogen-athomu omoya-;
• wezinto ezingaphili - bonke abanye.

Ukwakheka zokucathula okutshengisa compounds formula, zingabantu:

• elula - uhlobo olulodwa ngama-athomu chemical;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi - izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene izinto.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, abavamile ihlukaniswe izinsimbi kanye nonmetals. Kakhulu babe amakilasi amaningi: nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid, oxides, esters, hydrocarbon, alcohols, acid nucleic nokunye.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene compounds lamafomula

Kuyini ecacile, okungukuthi sokuqhafaza, ukubonisa ukuxhumana? Yiqiniso, kule formula izinto. Zihluke. Kuye uhlobo ulwazi oluqukethwe kubo ubuye ezahlukene ku-molecule. Ngakho, kukhona ongakhetha:

1. Enokwehla noma yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. It ibonisa ukwakheka ambalwa futhi qualitative we ketshezi. Kuhlanganisa izimpawu okuqondene izakhi kanye Inkomba elingezansi kwesokunxele ke, ebonisa-athomu e-molecule. Ngokwesibonelo, H ₂ O, Na _{2 4 SO,} AL ₂ (SO _{4) 3.}
2. Electron umumo womsebenzi. Lokhu ifomula libonisa inombolo Valence electron element ngayinye akha kwakwakhe. Ngakho-ke, i samuntu esinjalo sesikhona kakade kunendlela ukubikezela ezinye zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo zanoma izinto.
3. Organic-chemistry evamile ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele futhi esifushanisiwe amafomula kwesakhiwo. Zibonisa oda ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e-molecule Ngaphezu kwalokho, zibonisa ngokucacile into okuqondene isigaba esithile compounds. Futhi ikuvumela ukunquma ngokunembile uhlobo oluthile lwama-molecule ukubikezela zonke izici ngokubambisana wakhe.

Ngakho-ke, izimpawu zamakhemikhali compounds kahle ihlelwe ifomula - ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi nazo zonke izinto ezaziwayo. Yilesi isisekelo theory ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele azi umfundi esicwaninga kwamakhemikhali.

izakhiwo

Sici ebaluleke kakhulu izakhiwo ngokomzimba ezaboniswa izinto. Lokho bakwenza kanjani leli qembu?

1. isimo Physical ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ejwayelekile.
2. the Reflux lokushisa, ukuncibilika, umnkantsha, ukuhwamuka.
3. izici organoleptic: umbala, iphunga, ukunambitheka.
4. Solubility emanzini kanye nezinye kumakhemikhali awuketshezi (organic, isibonelo).
5. Kwabantu kanye fluidity, viscosity.
6. conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo, ukushisa umthamo.
7. permeability wokuhlelwa kwendikimba.
8. Radioactivity.
9. Absorption futhi ukuphuma.
10. Inductance.

Kukhona uchungechunge izinkomba, okuyinto abaluleke kakhulu ukuze uthole uhlu oluphelele, okubonisa izakhiwo izinto. Nokho, ziyisici phakathi ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Ziyakwazi:

• electrode ezingaba ;
• thayipha crystal ngehele;
• electronegativity;
• ubulukhuni futhi brittleness;
• malleability futhi ductility;
• simo esishubile noma ukuhwamuka;
• imiphumela yemvelo ku eziphilayo (ezinesihlungu, ingakwazi, nerve ejenti, hlangothi, siyazuzisa, njll).

Ngokuvamile lezi zibalo oshiwo ncamashi lapho kakade asebenzelana ngokuqondile izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto. Nokho, ungacacisa kubo esigabeni ngokomzimba ukuthi iphutha ngeke.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto

Leli qembu lihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo kungenzeka nokuxhumana engqamuzaneni kanye nezinye izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokho kuyinto oqondile chemical yokusabela. Ukuze uhlobo uxhumano ngalinye zingabantu ngokuqinile ethize. Nokho, isehlane ezivamile izakhiwo iqembu lonke ikilasi izidakamizwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, wonke acid uyakwazi ukusabela ezisansimbi, ngokusho isikhundla sabo ochungechungeni electrochemical ngezinto voltages. Futhi kubo bonke ejwayelekile neutralization ukuphendula ne alikhali, ukusabela lezisekelo zingaxazululeki. Nokho, bagxila sulfuric acid kanye nitric ethile, njengoba imikhiqizo wokusabela kwabo ezisansimbi zihlukile etholwe besabela ngendlela efanayo nabanye abafundi bekilasi elalithweswa.

izakhiwo Chemical eziningi empahleni ngamunye. Isibalo sawo kunqunywa umsebenzi enkompolo, okungukuthi, ikhono ukuxubana nezinye izingxenye. Kukhona esisheshayo ukuxubana, kukhona cishe inert. Lokhu akuwona amaza uhlala ngabanye.

ndaba elula

Lezi zihlanganisa lezo aqukethe uhlobo eyodwa athomu, kodwa ehlukene hlangana nenani labo. Ngokwesibonelo, S ₈ O _2, O _{3, Au,} N _2, P _4, CL _2, i-Ari, kanye nabanye.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto ezilula ziyancipha ukuze uxhumane:

• izinsimbi;
• non-izinsimbi;
• amanzi;
• acid;
• alkalis futhi hydroxides amphoteric;
• organic compounds;
• nosawoti;
• oxides;
• peroxide kanye anhydride namanye amangqamuzana.

Nalapha-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esinda izici ezithile ngamunye endabeni ethile. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali izinto ezilula ezibhekwa ngamunye.

izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa compounds ezinjalo, amangqamuzana zazo ezakhiwe letimbili nobe ngetulu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Inani ngamunye kubo ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Ukuze siqonde khona izibonelo ezimbalwa ezilula:

• H ₃ PO _4;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6];
• Cu (OH) _2;
• Lif;
• AL ₂ O ₃ nabanye.

Njengoba zonke basonta amakilasi ezahlukene izinto, ukukhomba ezijayelekileko ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ukuze wonke kungenzeki. Lokhu izakhiwo ezithile, eliyingqayizivele futhi ngabanye esimweni ngasinye.

inorganics

Kubo namuhla, kukhona phezu ayizinkulungwane 500. Kukhona alula nanzima. Sekukonke kukhona eziningana ezinkulu amakilasi compounds wezinto ezingaphili, okuyizinto wonke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo.

1. Simple izidakamizwa izinsimbi.
2. Oxides.
3. izinto Simple-non-izinsimbi.
4. amagesi Noble noma inert.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. Oluyingozi-hydrogen kwakwakhe.
8. Hydrides.
9. Salt.
10. Acid.
11. Base.
12. kwakwakhe Amphoteric.

Noma yisiphi isithunywa ikilasi ngalinye awayo Izakhiwo namakhemikhali ezivumela ukuze lihlukaniswe nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali futhi ukukhomba.

Izakhiwo izinto eziningi eziphilayo

Engokwemvelo - isigaba yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali okhuluma cwaningo compounds ngaphandle wezinto ezingaphili, ama kanye nezici zabo. Ama-athomu omoya-carbon umsuka isakhiwo sabo, labo abazokwazi yokuxhuma nomunye izakhiwo ahlukahlukene:

• komugqa noma uchungechunge branched;
• imijikelezo;
• indandatho elimnandi;
• heterocycles.

Izinto eziphilayo akhiwa nje compounds ezinjalo, njengoba ngesisekelo ukuphila - kukhona amaphrotheni, amafutha kanye carbohydrate. Bonke - abameleli izinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo izici zazo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni elithwala umbuzo, kusenzima ukuba lungachazwa ezithile Izakhiwo kanye zamakhemikhali, esikhulume ngazo ekuqaleni.

Yini kuyindaba eziphilayo?

It ngokuthi ndaba ophilayo zazo yakhiwa yonke biomass kule planethi yethu. Okungukuthi, labo eziphilayo ezenza ukuphila kuso:

• lamagciwane;
• lenyama;
• izitshalo;
• izilwane;
• amakhowe;
• abantu.

Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi zezakhi ku eziphilayo - organic, kungenzeka ukuba uzise iqembu ophilayo ndaba. Nokho, akubona bonke. lezo kuphela kubalulekile ukuba khona iimbunjwa eziphilako we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ziyakwazi amaprotheni, amino nucleic, amahomoni, amavithamini, amafutha, carbohydrate, amino acid kanye nabanye. Igama elithi "ndaba ophilayo" laqanjwa Vernadsky, umsunguli we mbono uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli planethi.

I izakhiwo ndaba ophilayo:

• ifa amandla benethuba ukuguqulwa;
• ukuzithiba;
• ukunyakaza kokuzithandela;
• Noma alternation of izizukulwane;
• ukwehluka kakhulu.

Okunamandla kanye metallic izinto

Libhekisela zonke compounds crystalline kokuba uhlobo oluthile ngehele isakhiwo. Kukhona ukuxhumana athomu, ngamangqamuzana ezinto noma metallic crystal ngehele. Kuye uhlobo izakhiwo ezahlukene crystalline izinto. Ejwayelekile compounds okuqinile nombono fine- noma indawo crystallites kukhona nosawoti ahlukahlukene.

Kukhona futhi izinto ezilula kanye isakhiwo esifanayo, ezifana graphite noma idayimane, namatshe ayigugu futhi ephuma kabili esiyigugu, amaminerali, amatshe. I izakhiwo eyisisekelo kubo:

• ubulukhuni;
• fragility;
• ukuncibilika isilinganiso kanye lokushisa abilayo.

Nokho, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, isici ngasinye kungase kungabi kufanela wonke umuntu.

Metal izakhiwo izinto abonise izinsimbi, Alloys yabo. Kubo, iqoqo izici jikelele:

• malleability futhi ductility;
• okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvala abacaphuni, encibilika iphuzu;
• kagesi kanye conductivity ezishisayo;
• ayebuthaka metallic.