Kuyalungiswa ETHYL utshwala. ETHYL utshwala - ukusetshenziswa. ETHYL utshwala

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi njengoba impahla main eluhlaza ukwenziwa iziphuzo is kuyalungiswa ETHYL utshwala. It umkhiqizo nemaloznachimy kule ndawo. Ukuthola okwengeziwe ngezansi.

Incazelo impahla

ETHYL utshwala kuyalungiswa uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle esobala, okuyinto ayinakho iphunga aftertaste. Isisindo ethize lomkhiqizo at 20 ° C elilingana 0,78927 g / cm3. Ethanol, noma ETHYL utshwala, labonakala okokuqala kwemiqondo ngo-1855 esuka ethylene. Lokhu kwaziswa uketshezi oluvutha kalula. Lapho kwakhiwa it is by omlilo of amanzi nesikhutha. utshwala evala eyingozi empilweni. Umkhawulo lokuhlushwa sivumelekile emoyeni ubhekwa 1 mg / l. lokushisa yayo okokuqandisa kuyinto -117 ° C kanye ukuvala abacaphuni: +78,2 ° C.

Ethanol - ifomula

Kubalulekile ukwazi. I jikelele chemical formula Ethanol: C ₂ H ₅ OH. Siveza indlela yokwakheka umkhiqizo kanye usumisiwe okwamanje 1807. Kodwa kwaze kwaba kuphela ngemva ke zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela Kuhlanganisa Ethyl utshwala ifomula kwesakhiwo elisuselwa. Kulotshiwe kanje: CH ₃ CH ₂ OH.

Ethanol kuyisimo utshwala ayegcwele futhi, ngoba iqukethe OH eyodwa kuphela iqembu, libhekisela isigaba monatomic. Ukuba khona amaqembu hydroxyl inquma izakhiwo amakhemikhali izidakamizwa, kanye nomkhiqizo ukuphendula lobuthakathaka.

Lapho egcinwe izigubhu selivaliwe ETHYL utshwala ehwamukile futhi umswakama amuncwa umzimba kusuka emoyeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ethanol libhekisela into hygroscopic. Ngenxa yokuthi wathi umkhiqizo has a isakhiwo esifana amanzi, kungashiwo exutshwe nganoma iyiphi enkulu.

ETHYL utshwala kuyalungiswa, okuholela endaweni yezimboni, it has a ukusabela ene-asidi kancane. Kuyiqiniso okuthembekile. Iqukethe esincane acid organic. Ukusabela acwebileyo amakhemikhali ETHYL utshwala hlangothi. Kufanele kukhunjulwe.

Izidingo ezisebenza izinga yokusanhlamvu

Inselelo enkulu ebhekene yizimboni uphuzo oludakayo, kuyinto ukukhiqizwa ETHYL utshwala lwezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. amazinga State kanye namanye amaphepha emvume zokulawula kule nezimfuneko okusezingeni eliphezulu, ezithinta physico-chemical kanye nemingcele organoleptic. Ethanol etholwe ngezinto zemvelo ezihlukahlukene.

Womshini ejenti wathi kusukela izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo ukukhiqizwa biotechnological, esebenzisa nezilwanyana ezincane ukuguqula isitashi zibe olunezakhi ushukela, bese ngomumo impahla - ethanol. Zonke izigaba ukwamukelwa wokusanhlamvu ukulungiswa kwananoma aqukethe semali yezinqubo zamakhemikhali lokukhanda. Ngayinye yalezi kuthinta izici organoleptic ka ETHYL utshwala. Le ndlela izochazwa kamuva.

Izimo letitsintsa izici organoleptic

Kulokhu:

• isimo sanitary imishini ngokukhiqiza (Pipeline vaporization chamber, ukushisa, ukudluliswa ethangini).
• Ikhwalithi impahla eluhlaza (uhlobo okusanhlamvu, izimo wesitoreji, isimo, futhi iphunga al.).
• Engasebenziseka flowsheet ukulungiselela okuphakelayo (Mechanics enzymatic, bendabuko).
• Inqubo ukwelashwa (nenkululeko, e izimpahla, ekukhiqizeni).
• Isetshenziswa zinhlobo nemvubelo.
• Inqubekela phambili inqubo ukuvutshelwa (ubude, ukwanda asidi).
• ukwesekwa izinto ezilusizo (antiseptics futhi izibulali-magciwane).

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ikhwalithi izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe. Isimo naye kunzima, ngoba akukho ukunikezela zomphakathi zokusanhlamvu. Ngakho-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi amaningi izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe silethwa inkampani ngaphansi izinkontileka. Baphetha nabaphakeli ezahlukene ngamanani okuxoxiswene.

Kuze kube manje, asikho isimo kazwelonke noma amanye amadokhumenti normative futhi lobuchwepheshe, okwakuyoholela ngokucacile ukuchaza nazo zonke izimfuneko zokuhlala okusanhlamvu, wasebenzisa womshini lo mkhiqizo. Nokho, abanye babo fixed "Imithetho lapho kuvezwa utshwala izinto zokusetshenziswa isitashi-aqukethe." Phakathi kwabo - okuqukethwe contaminants ahlukahlukene anobuthi (imbewu ukhula, njll ...), Pest KWAMAGUNDANE of utshani, kanye ekusunguleni Ukungcola.

Ukusetshenziswa alcohols enkulu ekwakhekeni uphuzo oludakayo idinga izinga okusezingeni komkhiqizo okuholela. Kusukela isimo okusanhlamvu esetshenziswayo encike ngqo kwi izakhiwo organoleptic we kwaphumela therefrom wathi izidakamizwa. Inkomba enkulu kakhulu impahla eluhlaza kuyinto iphunga layo. Ngenxa isakhiwo capillary-ukungena nakwamanye amazwe we okusanhlamvu kanye elihambisana mass skvazhistosti kungaba adsorb (ukuncela) amagesi ezahlukene futhi evala kusukela imvelo. I impahla eluhlaza okungukuthi elinegciwane isitoreji izinambuzane, futhi ingase iqukathe imikhiqizo zokuphila kwabo. Uma izibungu okusanhlamvu abakhona, ke siba sibi umbala kanye ukunambitheka, kodwa futhi bakha iphunga othize. Ukulimala lokhu izinto emgodleni kudala izimo ezivuna ukukhula microbial uphinde ekuqongeleleni mycotoxins. Sebenzisa le okusanhlamvu okwenza ngangokunokwenzeka. Nokho, inani elikhulu izinambuzane kubathinta kabi izimfanelo organoleptic yotshwalo okuholela.

Ukuze womshini wathi mkhiqizo ngokuvamile izinga abampofu isetshenziswa nokusanhlamvu onesici, phakathi okuyinto Okuluhlaza asanda kuvuna, omiswe ezilimele, ngaphansi self-Ukushisa, leli nxeba ergot smut futhi Ukuswaba. Kuyiqiniso okuthembekile. Phakathi ukucutshungulwa okusanhlamvu asanda kuvuna uvuthwe ngaphandle ukuchayeka ubuchwepheshe ukuhlukumeza kwenzeka, okuholela nobunzima Mash, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla okukhulu ukusebenza egumbini elihambisana.

Umbala impahla eluhlaza, kabana omiswe, ziyahlukahluka kusuka brown ukukhanya ukuze omnyama. Kubalulekile ukwazi. Grain black sife kudoti. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo ke, ukuxuba kuphela unempilo. Ngakho-ke, izinga kuvunyelwe okusanhlamvu ashisiwe akufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-10%. Ukusetshenziswa alcohols ukwenziwa eliphezulu iziphuzo Okungaphezu kwalokhu sibalo akwamukeleki.

Raw ergot enobuthi futhi smut iba enobuthi, njengoba iqukethe alkaloids ehlukahlukene (argonin, ergotamine, kortunin njll). ukungcola ezilimazayo azithandeki kakhulu, ngoba ukuthonya izinkomba organoleptic utshwala kanye ulunika nokucija, ulaka pungency. Nokho, impahla eluhlaza zingahlungwa nge uhlamvu enempilo. Ngakho nokuqukethwe kwalo kufanele kube khona abangaphezu kuka-8-10%.

Yokusanhlamvu, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa utshwala, siqukethe isitashi (65 - 68% ku-ikhemikhali ezomile) kanye amaprotheni, fat, ushukela khulula, amaminerali, polysaccharides, dextrin. Zonke compounds efakwe ohlwini ngezigaba ezahlukene okuhilelekile ukusabela okuhlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali.

Esinye isici ukuthi kuthinta izakhiwo organoleptic umkhiqizo osuphelile kuyinto lwemithombo kanye ukuvutshelwa amalungiselelo mikroorganizmennyh izitshalo (saccharifying izinto). Kufanele kucatshangelwe. Kaningi itheleleke nge mithi ingasetshenziswa yokukhiqiza. Kungenzeka kube nezimo ezenza ukuthi zivela ukuntula umsebenzi enzymatic. Esimweni esinjalo kwenzeka elinegciwane ukuvutshelwa inqubo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka Ukwakha-up imikhiqizo engadingeki sadlala nemvubelo. Ngakho-ke, namachibi utshwala incipha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba siya nephunga sibi futhi ukunambitheka.

Izinga utshwala kuncike ngokuqondile ku izinhlobo ezahlukene imvubelo esetshenziswa. Ukukhetha yabo efanele kanye kwebalingisi of ukuvutshelwa abanekhono ivumela ukuthola umkhiqizo wathi kokuba okuqukethwe ongaphakeme amanyela eziyisisekelo.

Libuye eqakathekileko ekukhiqizeni utshwala amanzi. Kusukela ebumsulweni nasebunyeni (inani nezilwanyana ezincane samanje, futhi ahlukahlukene ziyoncibilika therein Amakhemikhali) izinga lomkhiqizo ekhiqizwa kuncike. Kungcono ukusebenzisa amanzi elethwa iziphethu Artesian.

Phawula futhi ukuthi ngemva umkhiqizo yokuhlanza bahlale wathi ezingcolisa ahlukahlukene anobuthi. esters Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi ekhona utshwala ekhiqizwa, ungadlulisela ukukhanya, iphunga eyethile elinuka. Kuyiqiniso okuthembekile. Kodwa khona diethyl ether unikeza okuthiwa umkhiqizo nenzondo iphunga Putrid.

Ikhwalithi ketshezi kanye nezici zayo organoleptic nazo zathonywa ukungcola ahlukahlukene atypical noma ezinye ubuthi microbial, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane kanye nabanye.

utshwala esikhiqiza ubuchwepheshe

Le nto okuseduzane. Kuyalungiswa ETHYL utshwala zingenziwa ngezindlela ezintathu: ngu zamakhemikhali, zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali (enzymatic). Ukukhetha kwabo kuncike ngabanye.

• inqubo enzymatic ukulungiswa ushukela utshwala ukuvutshelwa kwenzeka. It inqubo nemaloznachimy. Wafeza isenzo imvubelo kanye enzyme.
• inqubo yamakhemikhali ukulungiswa utshwala ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla utshwala zezimboni kusukela isitshalo impahla eluhlaza elinendawo okuqukethwe fiber eliphezulu (utshani, sawdust, njll). Futhi-ke ikhiqizwa oludakayo sulphite (uginindela nephepha ukukhiqizwa imfucumfucu).
• Umgudu zokwenziwa ngokukhiqiza utshwala izimboni uxhumano amanzi ukuze ethylene ebukhoneni kulethe. Lena ngempela indlela evamile.

Ukudla ETHYL kuyalungiswa utshwala etholwe kuphela kusukela feedstock elihambisana. Lilonke nje, lokhu, ayokhonza njengamakhosi okusanhlamvu, Molasses namazambane. Kuyalungiswa ETHYL utshwala Technical okulungiselelwe kusukela feedstock efanayo. Nokho, kungase aqukethe ukungcola ezahlukene, okuyinto ezimba ngenxa yokudla.

Ukukhiqizwa ETHYL utshwala wenziwa ngezigaba 3

• Preparatory. Zihlanjululwa kusuke amanyela okuphakelayo nokulungiselelwa lwemithombo.
• Main. Phakathi nalesi sigaba ukupheka senzeka futhi saccharification materials okunesitashi eluhlaza, ukuvutshelwa, ziphuzo zazihluzwa noshizi reception utshwala.
• Final - ukulungiswa kwananoma. Le nqubo ibizwa ziphuzo zazihluzwa okuphindaphindiwe kwenziwa ngenjongo ukuhlanzwa ethanol kusuka ukungcola ahlukahlukene.

Omunye izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu material plant, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukwenziwa lo mkhiqizo amazambane. Ngenxa yalesi lisebenzisa izinhlobo ezifana okuyinto ifa okunesitashi okusezingeni eliphezulu oqine kakhulu kwisitoreji. Lena isimo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni.

Kufanele bazi ukuthi amabele hhayi kuphela esetshenziswa njengendlela material eluhlaza, kodwa futhi ngoba lwemithombo, okuyinto umthombo enzyme ukuthi sokudiliza isitashi ukuba olunezakhi ushukela. It kuncike izifiso zomuntu. Ezinye izitshalo zisetshenziswa esikhundleni lwemithombo enzyme unamasu imvelaphi amagciwane abe nenkani. Thola ngaphandle isikhunta. enzyme ukwakhiwa kungaba esikhundleni ephelele lwemithombo asetshenziswe kanye kuyo okungu ahlukahlukene.

Nquma izakhiwo ubuchwepheshe alcohols ukukhiqizwa. Umzimba oluhlaza iqukethe eziningi ukungcola okuyinto buyehluka kuye izinga lokushisa abilayo. Ziyakwazi by-imikhiqizo ngesikhathi ukuvutshelwa. ubuningi kusihlale kanye nokusungulwa kuthinte ikhwalithi utshwala ekhiqizwa Liquors. Lena qiniso libalulekile.

Kudingeka imishini

Ukuze uthole umkhiqizo kusukela utshwala ongahluziwe usebenzisa uhlelo multicolumn. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kubalulekile. Ngasinye kukholomu apharathasi wathi wenza umsebenzi othile elihambisana ukwehlukana ingxube okushisa ahlukahlukene kanye nezingcindezi. Ukusabela of alcohols futhi physico-chemical yabo izakhiwo uvumele balahle ukungcola ahlukahlukene. Kubalulekile kuleli cala. Abavumelekile ekukhiqizeni utshwala ezidliwayo. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo lobunikazi izikimu zobuchwepheshe uhlanzekile isitshalo impahla eziningana ezintsha zokusetshenziswa, ezingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono izici sicubungule organoleptic ka wathi umkhiqizo. Ukusebenza bragorektifikatcii ke kwandisa ngo-15%. Lokukhipha ingumkhiqizo yokugcina iseduze 98,5%. Kuze kube manje, kukhiqizwe into esetshenziselwa bragorektifikatsionnye izenzo okuqhubekayo ukuthi ingaqukatha kufika ku amakholomu ezinhlanu. Zihluke futhi, ngokuhambisana nenhloso yato, selihlukene kanje:

• Brazhnye. Zisetshenziswa ngoba lonke Mash utshwala.
• Epuration. Zisetshenziswa ukwehlukanisa ethanol.
• Ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Basebenzise ukuhlanza utshwala injani - iluhlaza. ukuthola umoya kuyalungiswa lapha kwenziwe
• Fusel. Lithathelwe ezibalulekile. Basuke kanzulu kwemihlambi uwoyela fusel
• Amakholomu uhlanzekile sokugcina. Zisetshenziswa ukuthola umkhiqizo esezingeni lomhlaba.

yokuhlanza ezijulile

Ukulungiswa - uhlobo ziphuzo zazihluzwa multi-esiteji. It is ezithwalwa amakholomu esebenzisa umusi mnogokolpachkovyh amapuleti. Lezi zitshalo iveza wathi izidakamizwa kanye izingxenye oluyingozi namafutha fusel okuyinto inhlanganisela alcohols ephakeme. Ngokuhambisana inqubo ziphuzo zazihluzwa, lezi ukungcola zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Tail. Lezi zici ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa labo abanesimo abilayo ephakeme kunaleyo ethanol. It fusel amafutha, kanye nezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, furfural, acetals, nabanye.
• Ukuphathwa yikhanda. Lezi zihlanganisa ukungcola ukuthi ubilise ezingeni lokushisa ngaphansana ethanol. Kulokhu, esters futhi aldehydes.
• alcohols ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini nokukhawulela ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka. Ziyakwazi amaqembu trudnootdelimymi iningi compounds. Kuye izimo ezihlukahlukene ziphuzo zazihluzwa kungaba umsila futhi ikhanda.

zinhlobo

Ngo umkhiqizo wathi, kuye ngezinga zokuhlanjululwa uhlukaniswe:

• 1 banga. Lokhu utshwala ithole isicelo kwezokwelapha. Nokho, ukwenziwa uphuzo oludakayo akusetshenziswa.
• "Lux".
• "Ezingeziwe".
• "Isisekelo".
• "Alpha".

Ukuze womshini iziphuzo, okuyinto ngekhwalithi uzohlangana zonke izidingo zanamuhla, kufanele aphuze ukuze uvale isikhala imvelo enobuthi amanyela. It kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko elicacisiwe GOST R 51652-2000.

ETHYL utshwala - isicelo

Kulesi sici, kungcono pretty elula neqondile. Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala kuyinto nezimo kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuvamile bajwayele ngezinhloso zokwelapha, ukwenziwa utshwala, kanye umkhakha.

izici yokukhiqiza

Imihlobo ehlukeneko lomcebo wathi etholwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa. okungukuthi:

• Utshwala "Alpha" Yenziwe kakolweni noma rye. Kungenjalo, kulesi simo ingxube yawo isetshenziswa.
• UMoya "Lux" futhi "Ezingeziwe" etholakala izinhlobo ezahlukene izitshalo, kanye Izingxube yalo noma amazambane. It kuncike Ukukhetha ngabanye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Utshwala "engaphezulu" ikhiqizwa kuphela kusuka okusanhlamvu enempilo. Kuhloswe ukwenziwa vodka, alokhu athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
• Utshwala ebangeni 1st ikhiqizwa ingxube amazambane nokusanhlamvu, noma ngamunye nje. Futhi kulokhu, ingasetshenziswa kanye noshukela beetroot Molasses. Ukusetshenziswa alcohols embonini kunomthelela ukukhiqizwa utshwala hlobo.

Izibalo komkhiqizo wathi eyenziwe sokunquma ivolumu kanye lokushisa ketshezi isilinda yokulinganisa. kudivayisi Special (alcoholmeters) ukunquma kwabantu ketshezi. It kulingana inqaba ethile. Esebenzisa amatafula okhethekileko izinkomba wathola futhi lokushisa ukunquma (ethanol inzuzo) inqaba%. Futhi, isici elihambisana isethwe lapha. He is an sibalo ezibalulekile. Lapho iphindwe ivolumu lomcebo wathi ke Kwenziwa ekubalweni obungakanani utshwala anhydrous okuyinto iqukethe.

izilungiselelo eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo nokulondeka okungokwenyama namakhemikhali awashintsheki emcimbini. Ukusungula imikhawulo lokuhlala izakhi ezinobuthi ezichazwe SanPin. Ukuba khona furfural akuvunyelwe nhlobo. Impilo utshwala akanamkhawulo. Nokho, yonke imibandela eshiwo okumelwe ahlangabezane nazo.

Labelling, emabhokisini futhi isitoreji

Umkhiqizo bevalela endaweni wahlomisa ngokukhethekile izitsha, amathini, imiphongolo, amabhodlela amathangi amakhulu amanzi. Bayobizwa hermetically uphawu zamabhodlela noma bavimbe. Intfo tekuphatsa lokutsite kumele uphawu noma uphawu. Amabhodlela Agcwele obhasikidi ekhethekile noma amabhokisi. Okunqatshelwe kuleli cala, ukusetshenziswa lashukumisa iziqukathi steel.

ETHYL utshwala 95% ukuphuza bevalela e glass amabhodlela imiqulu ehlukahlukene okuyinto ngalo uphawu kukakhokho noma plastic ngesivalo. Top cap lufakwa aluminium lapho sisetshenziswa isitembu umakhi. Futhi, lapho kuboniswa le ingxenyenamba umthamo utshwala.

Ngqo ilebula ibhodlela Kunamathiselwe lapho kukhona igama lomkhiqizo, igama nekheli ngomkhiqizi, igama le-brand, ezweni lendabuko, amandla, ivolumu kanye nosuku ukugcwalisa. Kuyadingeka lapha ukwethula ulwazi isitifiketi. Futhi kwilebula isicelo selisho imibhalo lobuchwepheshe noma zokulawula, owawuthi umkhiqizo kungathiwa.

Amabhodlela ke ibekwe ku amabhokisi sokhuni. - igama yomenzi utshwala, isiqu esezingeni igama ibhizinisi: bona ayohlala saziso ulwazi olulandelayo kumele usetshenziswe. Iphinde likhombisa isisindo esikhulu, inani amabhodlela kanye umthamo wabo. Kumelwe futhi ube khona eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "Isexwayiso! Glass "," oluvutha kalula "," eziphezulu. "

ETHYL utshwala kuyalungiswa, igcwele izigubhu kanye iziqukathi egcinwe ngaphandle izindawo zokukhiqiza ibhizinisi. Lo mkhiqizo imiphongolo, amathini kanye namabhodlela zigcinwa esitolo ekhethekile. utshwala Ethyl uketshezi oluvuthayo oluyingozi. Kuyinto ngezinga kwethonya umuntu kungokwalabo isigaba 4. Ngakho-ke, izimo isitoreji kukhona izidingo ezikhethekile. Amabhodlela utshwala emiphongolweni kanye amathini kumele ibekwe ilandelana, kodwa imigqomo - hhayi ukuphakama engaphezu kwemibili futhi ububanzi isitaki. Ukuze ugweme ukuqhuma, kubalulekile ukuba afeze imishini ukuvikelwa, amathange zikagesi. isikhathi Isitoreji kulokhu angenamkhawulo.

yi

Ngemva kokufunda ngenhla, lokhu kuzosisiza ukwazi ngokugcwele nendlela ezikhiqizwa ETHYL utshwala, intengo zazo, kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo kanye umthamo injini isitsha lapho itholakala, kuyinto ruble 11 1500.