United Arab Republic kanye nase ngezithako zawo. I elingenamikhono izingalo kanye zemali United Arab Republic

United Arab Republic yasungulwa ngo-1958 njengengxenye neSiriya, futhi waze waphela ngo-1961, lapho yokugcina wasuka ngemva Icebo lika. Egypt aqhubeka ngokusemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-United Arab Republic kuze 1971.

INGEMUVA ngokuhlanganisa

Februwari 1, 1958 iqembu abaholi bezombusazwe lempi laseSiriya ahlinzekwa kuMongameli waseGibhithe Gamal Abdel Nasser ekubumbaneni lamazwe amabili njengesinyathelo sokuqala endleleni eya isimo enkulu pan-Arab.

Sentiment yokuhlanganisa zonke Arabhu baye ngokwesiko kwaba namandla kakhulu eSiriya, kanye Nasser wayengumholi wempi ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni Arab emva Suez War of 1956. Party Arab Socialist Renaissance (Baath) kwaba umsekeli walokhu eyinhloko komuntu umshado onjalo.

Nakuba eSiriya, kukhona ukuphikisana phakathi yokugcizelela isikhundla salo amaKhomanisi futhi Party okuyinto ubebusa Baath Party, iye yabhekana yangaphakathi kuyiphi amalungu ayo abavelele abaye wafuna ukuthola insindiso ngesimo neGibhithe. Syria bekulokhu ezweni yeningi kusukela kokugumbuqelwa kombuso wezempi ngo-1954, kodwa lempi abaqhubeke nokudlala indima evelele ezweni kuwo wonke amazinga. Lokhu akuzange zivumelane onekhono futhi athambekele authoritarianism Nasser, ngubani inesifiso ukufakwa egcwele Syria wamanje ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, "umbuso wezwe waseGibhithe" uhlelo lukahulumeni.

Qala inhlangano

imigomo Lokugcina Nasser Union kubalulekile futhi ezingenakuxegiswa:

• inhlolovo ku ukwesekwa abantu sika ubunye lamazwe amabili;
• kokuphela amaqembu;
• Ukuhoxiswa ibutho kwezepolitiki.

Nakuba inhlolovo kwakubonakala okusesilinganisweni iningi elite yaseSiriya, ezimbili zokugcina imigomo yayo kakhulu ukwethuka. Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwabo kungaba impilo zezombusazwe e Syria ababhubhise. Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezinhle ukukhathazeka, abaholi yaseSiriya wayazi kwase kwephuzile ukuhlehla. Elite e Syria kubhekwa ekubumbaneni nge-Egypt njengoba esingconywana, njengendlela ukumelana nethonya eqinisa ka amaKhomanisi. Babekholelwa ukuthi izimo Nasser sasingalungile isenzo, kodwa, unikezwa nengcindezi enamandla ngaphakathi ezweni lakubo, ayekholelwa ukuthi akukho okunye.

UMongameli waseGibhithe Nasser futhi umholi yaseSiriya Kuatli 01/02/1958 sasayinwa isivumelwano wokulungiselela uhlangane bayabuthana emazweni abakuwo. Nakuba isimemezelo ngemvume kusho ukuthi i-United Arab Republic ivela neSiriya, kodwa wagcizelela ukuthi Uar Ungafaka yimaphi amazwe Arab. Agcinwe kule nyanga, kwala mazwe womabili waqinisekisa ukuseka Union referendums lezizwe zawo.

Nasser eba umongameli wase-United Arab Republic, futhi ngokushesha waqala nokubacindezela ngokumelene amaKhomanisi yaseSiriya nabaphikisi nyunyana, ngubani baxoshwa okuthunyelwe kwabo.

Umkhuba langempela ekwakheni isimiso sezombangazwe SAR

Abasekeli nimunye Egypt babekholelwa ukuthi Nasser isebenzisa Baath yabo Party ukulawula Syria (esithombeni ngezansi sikhonjiswa inkampani kubasunguli be iqembu ngo-1958). Ngeshwa i-Baathists, inhloso yakhe kwakufanele yini ukwabelana amandla ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabaseGibhithe nabantwana amaSiriya. Nasser wamisa umthetho-sisekelo omusha lwesikhashana, owawuthi United Arab Republic lithole kaZwelonke (iphalamende) amalungu 600 (400 eGibhithe 200 kusukela Syria), futhi wavala yonke amaqembu yaseSiriya zezombusazwe, kuhlanganise Baath. Okuwukuphela party zomthetho e-United Arab Republic kwaba pro-kamongameli iNational Union.

Syria naseGibhithe izingxenye ezimbili ukungalingani Uar

Nakuba Nasser futhi bavunyelwe amalungu zangaphambili Baath Party anesikhundla letigcamile kulesimo izakhiwo kwamandla, kodwa awakaze afinyelele ukuthi ukuphathwa isisindo emazweni akubo njengoba izikhulu waseGibhithe. Ebusika futhi entwasahlobo ka 1959-60 GG. Nasser kancane "kukhanywe" amaSiriya avelele ukuba izikhundla ezibalulekile. LaseSiriya Ministry of Industry, isibonelo, eziyisikhombisa izikhundla nantathu basutha kwabaseGibhithe. I-General Petroleum Administration, ezine wabaholi eziyisithupha elingaphezulu kwakukhona abaseGibhithe.

ukuguqulwa Okwezomnotho Uar

Ngo-June 1960, Nasser Uzame lokuqala kabusha kwezomnotho okwakufanele ukuletha umnotho yaseSiriya esekelwe yangasese, eGibhithe, esekelwe ukubusa engxenyeni kahulumeni kuwo. Nasser eqala igagasi elingakaze libonwe ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni e Syria naseGibhithe. Kulokhu, umbono elite yaseSiriya indiva. Zonke ukuhweba ukotini yafakwa ngaphansi ukulawula uhulumeni, liphinde uhulumeni wonke ngokuqinile yokungenisa-ukuthekelisa. Nasser yamemezela ukusungulwa amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense kanye nayo yonke umkhakha esindayo. feddans kwesabelo phezu 100 (1 feddan = 4200m ²⁾ angaphansi okwesula abanikazi (ethile engavamile "dekulakization" ngesi-Arabhu). Izintela abalimi ziye ngqo encishisiwe vpolot ukuqedela ukuqedwa, kwezinye izimo. intela Devyanostoprotsentny ifakiwe ku yonke imali ngaphezu 10,000 amakhilogremu waseGibhithe. Abasebenzi nabasebenzi ziye ungeniswe ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi kanye ilungelo lokuthola 25% inzuzo yazo. Isikhathi isilinganiso futhi mahora ancishiswa aba eziyisikhombisa ngaphandle behlise namaholo.

Ukuphakama antiegipetskih inhliziyo

Akuwona wonke umuntu okuthandile Syria ukuguqulwa efanayo umoya "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni Arab". La maphoyisa ebuthweni lezempi laseSiriya kwakubacasula isikhundla sakhe ongaphansi phambi izikhulu waseGibhithe, nezizwe zakwa-Syrian zamaBedouin Uthole imali Saudi Arabia yokuzigwema ukuze zingasivimbi ukuba abe qotho Nasser. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlelwa kabusha kwemhlaba kule isitayela waseGibhithe kwaholela ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu ezolimo yaseSiriya, amaKhomanisi waphinda waqala lizuze ithonya, nezihlakaniphi we Baath Party, okuyinto ekuqaleni asekelwe inyunyana washintsha isimo sabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Egypt, isimo omuhle nge okwandisa GDP ngo-4.5% kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwemboni ngokuthuthukisa ngemakethe yalo yaseSiriya. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ekukhuleni wokunganeliseki eSiriya.

Ubudlelwano nomakhelwane

Iqembu elisanda kusungulwa i-United Arab Republic kwathathwa njengosongo usongo olukhulu angomakhelwane imibuso (ngesikhathi) - Iraq naseJordani. Syria ubonakala njengeNkosi uMthombo wakho kokubili monarchies luhloboluni revolution kanye indawo bakhi wenza ngokumelene Jordan King Hussein futhi le nkosi Iraq Faisal II. Egypt ubhekwa njengoba nokuzondwa isimo ENtshonalanga, ukusekela kokubili umbuso monarchical. Ngakho-ke, i-United Arab Republic kanye nase Jordan, zicatshangelwa Iraq njengoba Umphikisi oqondile. Amazwe amabili abe antinaserovsky kakade umbimbi sokulwa elinobunye wamabutho futhi isabelomali olulodwa ukuzivikela yasungulwa ngo February 1958, u-80% wawo wawuvame ukuba ukunikeza Iraq kanye asele 20% - Jordan. Eqinisweni, kwakukhona umfelandawonye ka kwala mazwe womabili, Nokho, ngokushesha waphela.

Abanamusa yemukele ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Uar futhi engumakhelwane Lebanon, ogama umengameli, Kamil Shamun, wayephikisa Nasser. Ezweni, izibhelu Kwagqashuka phakathi kwabalandeli ka-kuya-United Arab Republic kanye nabasekeli ukuzimela.

Revolution e-Iraq

Julayi 14, 1958 izikhulu zase-Iraq zihlukunyezwa okuhleliwe umbuso wagumbuqela ohlanga kuleli zwe. Nasser neyaziwayo ngokushesha lo hulumeni omusha futhi wathi "yimuphi kuhlaselwa e-Iraq kungaba njengokugxeka wokuba kuhlaselwe i-United Arab Republic." Ngosuku olulandelayo, Asemanzini namabutho British esesifundazweni Lebanon naseJordani ukuvikela womabili la mazwe ekuhlaselweni pronaserovskih amabutho.

Nasser babecabanga ukuthi United Arab Republic ngokushesha ingezwe ilungu elisha - Iraq. Nokho, ubuholi obusha Iraq, ngibona isiphetho nozakwabo waseSiriya e-United Arab Republic, wayengekho kwabathatha isikhathi ukuyeka amandla. Futhi ngo-1959, Iraq UNdunankulu Kassem wayeka zonke izingxoxo-kuya-United Arab Republic.

Ngo-1963, ngemva eza namandla eSyria nase-Iraq, abameleli Baath Party, umzamo omusha yokuhlanganisa kula mazwe futhi Egypt iye luyaphumelela. Ngisho nabaholi abangcono mazwe amathathu usayine Communique ngokuhlanganyela kwi ukusungulwa the Federation. Kodwa ke kokuhlanganiswa abahambanga ngenxa umehluko emkhatsini amazwe ngokuphathelene gosustroystve ezweni elisha.

Ukuwa SAR futhi kumdlalo walo

Septhemba 28, 1961 iqembu lamaphoyisa okuhleliwe umbuso futhi imemezele ukuzimela kusukela United Arab Republic of Syria. Yize abaholi Icebo lika ayesekulungele ukuqhubeka khona Union ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile ukuthi ukubeka Syria ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo neGibithe, kodwa Nasser wenqaba lokhu ebucayini. Ayekuhlosile ukuthumela amasosha ukugumbuqela umbuso omusha, kodwa wenqaba ukwenza lokhu ngokushesha nje lapho watshelwa ukuthi lokugcina kubangane bawo e Syria neyaziwayo uhulumeni omusha. I izinkulumo ezalandela inguquko yaseSiriya, Nasser wathi 'wayeyokuzwa ungalokothi uphonse ithawula umgomo wabo lokugcina umbimbi pan-Arab. Nokho, akasoze sifinyelele intuthuko entsha eziphathekayo maqondana lo mgomo.

Nasser luthemba for ukuvuselelwa Union, kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi ngesikhathi Egypt bakhe baqhubeka bebizwa ngokuthi "SAR", eyathatha kuze 1971.

Imizamo entsha yokuhlanganisa-Arabhu sithi uhlaziyo 70s, umholi waseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi. Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe beza Federation of Republics Arab 1971 (AFD) njengengxenye Libya, neSiriya, eyathatha kuze 1977 (esithombeni ngezansi abaholi mazwe amathathu yasayina isivumelwano phezu Federation). Lokhu imfundo bemvelo declarative, iyiphi Izilawuli PAR jikelele engazange abe khona, futhi oyilungu njalo wafuna ukuphetha imifelandawonye zamazwe amabili (Libya, Egypt, Syria, Egypt) ngaphakathi lo mfelandawonye. Libya neGibithe ngisho kwadingeka kancane ukwenza lokulwa abanye ngo-1977, amalunga asele-FAR.

United Arab Republic: elingenamikhono izingalo kanye ifulege

Uar yokutholwa ifulegi esekelwe ukuklanywa Arab Liberation ekhushuliwe ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko baseGibhithe ngo-1952, kodwa nge izinkanyezi ezimbili ezimelela izingxenye ezimbili United Arab Republic. Kusukela ngo-1980 nguye olusemthethweni ifulege yaseSiriya. Ngo-1963, e-Iraq yokutholwa ifulegi ukuthi kwaba kucishe ifulegi United Arab Republic isivele ezingasasebenzi, kodwa izinkanyezi ezintathu, ezifanekisela ithemba ukuthi ezweni elinobunye bazaphila.

SAR kwaba elingenamikhono izingalo, unendima eyinhloko zazo kwaba njalo. Ngokuthi. Eagle of Saladin - ukhozi, iphindwa efanele esiqoshiwe sase-entshonalanga odongeni Cairo lenqaba lakhiwa Saladin. On webele bokhozi uyisihlangu nge mpo imivimbo emithathu anemibala - obomvu, abamhlophe nabansundu, futhi izinkanyezi ezimbili green maphakathi umugqa omhlophe. Lezi imibala emine ngakho. Ngokuthi. "Imibala Pan-Arab", okwakukhona kulo imibala amafulegi ezihlukahlukene Arab sompristi.

A iribhoni eliluhlaza izimpiko yokhozi Ulungise umbhalo oqoshwe e izinhlamvu Arabhu. "E-United Arab Republic"

Yini imali ababehamba imfundo yomphakathi, njengoba i-United Arab Republic? Izinhlamvu zemali e namahlelo eyodwa Upondo waseGibhithe nokukodwa Syrian Pound kwakuthiwa abe i ukusakazwa alinganayo e-United Arab Republic, nakuba ukusetshenziswa bazo iye yenziwe yaba yasendaweni kuzingxenye eziphathelene yezwe.
Isithombe ngaphezulu sibonisa uhlamvu elilodwa iphawundi, eyakhululwa ngo-United Arab Republic (Egypt) ngo-1970 ngemva kokufa uMongameli Nasser.