Oxides, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid. Izakhiwo oxides, lezisekelo zalo, acid, nosawoti

Modern chemical isayensi ezihlukahlukene imikhakha, futhi ngamunye kubo, ngaphezu uhlaka theory, kubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo, esisebenzayo. Noma yini uthinte, konke emhlabeni - imikhiqizo zokukhiqiza zamakhemikhali. Izigaba main - kuyinto yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. Cabangela lokho amakilasi eyinhloko compounds ukubizwa ngokuthi wezinto ezingaphili, futhi yini izakhiwo banayo.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezibangela wezinto

Ukuze labo wamukele lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Oxides.
2. Salt.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Ngamunye the amakilasi imelelwa ezihlukahlukene enkulu compounds wezinto ezingaphili futhi inenani cishe kunoma iyiphi isakhiwo imisebenzi kwezomnotho nezezimboni yomuntu. Zonke izakhiwo ezinkulu nobuntu lezi zakhi, ngokuba ngokwemvelo futhi ukuqalisa bafundelwa Yiqiniso esikoleni i-chemistry Kuphoqelekile emabangeni 8-11.

Kunetafula jikelele oxides, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid, okuyinto izibonelo ngamunye izinto kanye nesimo sabo wokuhlanganisa, ngokuba ngokwemvelo. A sikhombisa futhi nokuxhumana echaza chemical izakhiwo. Nokho, sizocabangela ngamunye amakilasi ngokwehlukana futhi kabanzi.

Iqembu compounds - oxides

Oxides - a ekilasini compounds wezinto kwala maphuzu amabili (kanambambili), enye yazo njalo O (i-oksijini) kusuka aphansi isimo namachibi -2, emi endaweni yesibili ku enokwehla ifomula kwakwakhe. Isibonelo: N ₂ O _5, Cao nokunye.

I oxides ihlukaniswa kanje.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - ayikwazi ukwakha nosawoti.

II. Salt-ukwakha - bayakwazi ukwakha nosawoti (nge nezinqe, compounds amphoteric nomunye acid).

1. Acid - uma ayifake ngamanzi ukwakha acid. Nonmetals ngokuvamile eyakhiwe noma izinsimbi nge CO okusezingeni eliphezulu (namachibi).
2. Key - ifomu base emanzini engena. Kwakheka isici metal.
3. Amphoteric - okubonisa acid-base imvelo double, okuyinto kunqunywa izimo ukuphendula. Kwakheka inguqulelo metal.
4. Mixed - ngokuvamile abhekisela nosawoti kanye izakhi kwakheka namachibi ezifundazweni eziningana.

oxide Ephakeme - kuyinto oxide, lapho ilungu ukwakha lisasesimweni namachibi esiphezulu. ISIBONELO: Te ^_+6. Ukuze isimo tellurium namachibi esiphezulu +6, kusho Teo ₃ - nitrous ephakeme kulolu isici. Uhlelo gqwa izakhi seqembu ngalinye ngemvume jikelele ifomula enokwehla okubonisa oxide engenhla azo zonke izakhi leli qembu, kodwa kuphela iqeqebana main. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lokuqala izakhi (izinsimbi alikhali) kuyinto ifomula ngale ndlela R ₂ O, okukhombisa ukuthi zonke izakhi ze-iqeqebana main abakuleli qembu babeyohlala babe ifomula ezinjalo kuba oxide ephakeme. ISIBONELO: RB ₂ O, Cs ₂ O nokunye.

thina ukuthola hydroxide elihambisana Ngezinye oxide ephakeme ziyoncibilika emanzini (alikhali, acid noma hydroxide amphoteric).

izici oxides

Oxides kungaba khona noma isiphi isimo wokuhlanganisa at kwezimo abavamile. Iningi lazo uku okuqinile crystalline noma powder ifomu (CAO, uSio ₂₎ ezinye CO (oxides acid) atholakala uhlobo uketshezi (MN ₂ O ₇₎ kanye negesi (CHA, AKUKHO _2). Lokhu kungenxa isakhiwo crystal ngehele. Ngakho, umehluko amaphuzu abilayo futhi ukuncibilika amaphuzu ukuthi liyahluka abameleli sihluke -272 ⁰ C 70-80 ⁰ C (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezulu). I solubility emanzini kuyahlukahluka.

1. Encibilikayo - eziyisisekelo metal oxides, eyaziwa ngokuthi ane-alikhali, umhlaba ane-alikhali, nayo yonke eminye asidi ukwedlula Silicon oxide (IV).
2. Zingaxazululeki - oxides amphoteric, zonke ezinye eziyisisekelo futhi Sio _2.

Yini oxides engisabela ngayo?

Oxides, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid abonise izakhiwo efanayo. izakhiwo Jikelele cishe yonke oxides (ngaphandle nesoleobrazuyuschih) - leli khono ngenxa ekusebenzisaneni ethize ukwakha nosawoti ahlukahlukene. Nokho, i-iqembu oxides ejwayelekile izici ezithile zamakhemikhali sibonakalisa izakhiwo ngamunye.

I izakhiwo amaqembu ehlukene oxides

oxides Basic - Toe	oxides esidi - CO	Dual (amphoteric) oxide - AO	I oxides musa yakha nosawoti
1. Ukusabela ngamanzi: kumiswa alkalis (oxides of alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi) UFata 2 O + amanzi = 2FrOH 2. Ukusabela nge acid: kumiswa nosawoti namanzi acid + Me + n O = H 2 O + usawoti 3. Ukusabela nge CO, ukwakheka nosawoti namanzi lithium oxide + nitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Le ukusabela okuholela izakhi ukushintsha CO Me + n O + C = Me + CO 0	1. Reagent amanzi: ukwakheka acid (Sio 2 ngaphandle) CO + amanzi = acid 2. Ukusabela lezisekelo: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Ukusabela nge oxides eziyisisekelo: usawoti ukwakheka P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = MN 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Ukusabela OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Abonise izakhiwo ezimbili uxhumana ngesisekelo acid-base indlela (nge acid, alkalis, oxides eziyisisekelo futhi oxides acid). Njengoba amanzi akusho mbeni. 1. Nge i acid: kumiswa nosawoti namanzi AO + acid = nosawoti + H 2 O 2. lezisekelo (alikhali): kumiswa hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + amanzi = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Ukusabela nge oxides esidi: Ukulungiselela nosawoti Feo + SO 2 = FeSO 3 4. Ukuphendula ne GA: kumiswa nosawoti Fusion MNO + RB 2 O = RB 2 usawoti double MNO 2 5. Ukusabela Fusion ne alkalis futhi alikhali metal carbonates njengoba nosawoti ukwakheka Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Ifomu futhi acid noma alkalis. Abonise izakhiwo ezithile esinda.

Ngamunye oxide engenhla kwakhiwa njengoba insimbi nonmetal, ziyoncibilika emanzini, inika asidi enamandla noma alikhali.

acid Organic futhi wezinto ezingaphili

Ngo umsindo classical (okusekelwe ED izikhundla - dissociation electrolytic - Svante Arrhenius acid) - lokhu kwakwakhe i osebenzelana aqueous ukuze Nqamula H ⁺ cations futhi anions acid izinsalela An ^-. Nokho, namuhla, uzifunde ngokucophelela acid ngaphansi kwezimo anhydrous, ngakho kunezinkolelo-mbono eziningi ezahlukene njengoba hydroxides.

Enokwehla ifomula oxides, lezisekelo zalo, acid, nosawoti wanezela kuphela lwezimpawu izakhi futhi yenze izinkomba eyabonisa inombolo yabo ketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, acid wezinto ezingaphili esashiwo H ifomula ⁺ acid zinsalela ^n-. izinto eziphilayo ehlukile yangokwesiko theory. Ngaphandle enokwehla, kungenziwa ebhaliwe kubo ifomula kwesakhiwo okugcwele olujiyile, okuyinto lizobonisa hhayi kuphela Ukwakheka kanye nobungako yezinhlayiya, kodwa ukuze yelungiselelo-athomu, ubuhlobo babo komunye nomunye futhi iqembu main ukusebenza for acid carboxylic -COOH.

Kuzo zonke inorganics acid zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL nabanye;
• mpilo (acid OXO) - HClO ₃ futhi wonke lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo.

Futhi acid wezinto oluthathwa by ukuzinza (esitebeleni noma oluzinze - konke ngaphandle carbonic futhi sulphurous, oluyingozi noma ingazinzi - zamalahle sulphurous). Ngu amandla acid eqinile kungase kube: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, nabanye, kanye ababuthakathaka:-hydrogen sulfide, le hypochlorous nabanye.

Akukona ezihlukahlukene okunjalo inikeza yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic. I acid okuyizinto eziphilayo nemvelo, kukhona acid carboxylic. sici zabo ezivamile - khona iqembu obusebenzayo COOH. Ngokwesibonelo, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) nabanye.

Kunezindlela eziningana acid, egxile ngokucophelela ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela lokhu kuncike kule nkambo esikoleni kwamakhemikhali.

1. Salt.
2. Nitric.
3. Wali band.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Yamalahle.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. Acetic acid noma ethane.
9. I-butane noma uwoyela.
10. Benzoic.

10 Lezi acid okuyisidingo-chemistry izinto elihambisana ekilasini enkambweni esikoleni, futhi ngokuvamile, e umkhakha futhi syntheses.

Properties of acid wezinto

I izakhiwo eziyinhloko ngokomzimba kufanele kuchasiselwe wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke isimo ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa. Ngempela, kunezifundo eziningi acid, isimo sanoma zinhlayiya noma izimpushana (boric, wali band) ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Iningi acid wezinto owaziwa uketshezi ezahlukene. Abilayo futhi encibilika okushisa nazo azifani.

Acid kungabangela ukusha, ngoba nebutho kokubhubhisa izicubu organic isikhumba. Ngoba ukuthola acid esetshenziswa izinkomba:

• methyl orange (imvelo evamile - olintshi acid - abomvu)
• Litmus (e hlangothi - violet e acid - abomvu) noma abanye.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa ikhono basebenzisane kokubili compounds elula eziyinkimbinkimbi.

I chemical izakhiwo acid wezinto

Yini uxhumana	Isibonelo ukusabela
1. Nge insimbi elula-izidakamizwa. Umbandela: metal Kumelwe ume EHRNM ukuba hydrogen, ngakho njengoba izinsimbi, i-hydrogen ngemva kokuma, abakwazi ukuba azixoshe ke kusukela acid. Ukusabela njalo kwakheka uhlobo hydrogen nosawoti.	HCL + AL = aluminium chloride + H 2
2. elisekela. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukusabela kukhona usawoti namanzi. ukusabela okunjalo of acid obuqinile alkalis abizwa ngokuthi neutralization ukusabela.	Noma yimuphi acid (oqinile) = + encibilikayo base usawoti namanzi
3. hydroxides amphoteric. Inani eliphansi: usawoti namanzi.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = Be (CHA 2) 2 (usawoti isilinganiso) + 2H 2 O
4. Nge oxides eziyisisekelo. Inani eliphansi: amanzi, usawoti.	2HCL + Feo = yensimbi chloride (II) + H 2 O
5. oxides amphoteric. umphumela Ubude: usawoti namanzi.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. nosawoti kwakhiwa acid buthaka. umphumela Ubude: usawoti kanye asidi.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium bromide + H 2 O + CO 2

Lapho uxhumana izinsimbi ngendlela efanayo akuzona zonke acid. Amakhemikhali (grade 9) esikoleni kuhilela isifundo engajulile kakhulu Nokho ukusabela okunjalo, futhi ezingeni enjalo kubhekwe izindawo ezithile nitric kanzulu sulfuric acid, ukusabela ezisansimbi.

Hydroxides: alikhali, kanye zingaxazululeki elisekela amphoteric

Oxides, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid - zonke lezi amakilasi izidakamizwa abe ezivamile chemical ubunjalo isakhiwo crystal ngehele kuchazwe, kanye nethonya mutual ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e-molecule. Nokho, uma kwakunokwenzeka ukunikeza incazelo eqondile kakhulu oxide, ke acid base ukwenza kube nzima.

Njengoba acid, lezisekelo ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela ED kukhona izinto okwazi uwohloka i isixazululo aqueous zensimbi cations Me ^{n +} futhi anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Sihlukaniswe esigabeni base kanje:

• Encibilikayo noma alikhali (isizinda izinkomba eqinile umbala). Kwakheka mina metal, amaqembu II. Isibonelo: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (isb elotshiwe izakhi iqembu kuphela esemqoka);
• Kahle encibilikayo noma zingaxazululeki (amandla aphakathi, musa ukushintsha umbala izinkomba). Isibonelo: magnesium hydroxide, yensimbi (II), (III), kanye nabanye.
• Yamamolekhula (isizinda buthakathaka i osebenzelana aqueous reversibly Nqamula ku-molecule ion). Isibonelo: N ₂ H _4, ama, ammonia.
• hydroxides Amphoteric (umbukiso ezimbili base-acid izakhiwo). Isibonelo: aluminium hydroxide, beryllium, zinc kanye nokunye.

Iqembu ngalinye bethula bafundelwa Yiqiniso esikoleni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ku "Izizathu". Chemistry Class 8-9 kuhilela isifundo enemininingwane compounds kancane encibilikayo futhi alkalies.

The main izici isici ngezizathu

Zonke compounds alikhali futhi encibilikayo etholakala emvelweni esimweni okuqinile crystalline. Amazinga ukuncibilika hydroxides yabo ngokuvamile ongaphakeme, nengenawo encibilikayo ukubola lapho evuthayo. Faka umbala ngezizathu ezahlukene. Uma zinhlayiya alikhali ezimhlophe izisekelo kabi encibilikayo futhi yamangqamuzana kungenzeka anemibala ehlukene kakhulu. I solubility compounds iningi lesi sigaba kungabonakala etafuleni, elinikeza ifomula oxides, lezisekelo zalo, acid, nosawoti, solubility yabo uboniswa.

Alkalis Ungashintsha umbala izinkomba kanje: phenolphthalein - njengegazi, methyl orange - yellow. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa khona gidroksogrupp khulula isixazululo. Ngakho-ke akuyona base kabi encibilikayo ukusabela okunjalo ungayeki.

I chemical izakhiwo iqembu elisekela ezahlukene ngayinye.

chemical izakhiwo
alkalis	lezisekelo kancane oncibilikayo	hydroxides amphoteric
I. wasithukuthelela CO (Imininingwane -hydrochloric namanzi): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 4 SO + amanzi II. Wasithukuthelela i acid (usawoti namanzi): ezivamile neutralization yokusabela (bheka acid) III. Hlanganyela AO ukwakha usawoti namanzi hydroxo: 2NaOH + Me + n O = Na 2 Me + n O 2 + H 2 O, noma Na 2 [Me + n (OH) 4] IV. Hlanganyela hydroxides amphoteric ukwakha nosawoti gidroksokompleksnyh: I efanayo ne AD, kodwa ngaphandle kwamanzi V. wasithukuthelela nosawoti encibilikayo ukwakha hydroxides zingaxazululeki nosawoti: 3CsOH insimbi + chloride (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Hlanganyela zinc kanye aluminium ku isixazululo aqueous ukwakha nosawoti ne-hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + amanzi = complexed nge hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] Ubeke 3H 2	I. degradability evuthayo: = Zingaxazululeki hydroxide oxide + amanzi II. Ukusabela nge acid (Imininingwane: usawoti namanzi): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + amanzi III. Hlanganyela CO: Me + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Indlela abasabela ngayo acid ukwakha nosawoti namanzi: Hydroxide, ithusi (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + amanzi II. It ihlangana alkalis: Imininingwane - Salt namanzi (isimo: Fusion) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH =-G + 2H 2 O III. React nge hydroxides eqinile: yi - usawoti, uma ukuphendula yilesi sifo isixazululo aqueous: Kr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [Kr (OH) 6]

Lona iningi izakhiwo amakhemikhali ukuthi base isibonisi. Chemistry elisekela ilula futhi ilalela imithetho jikelele compounds wezinto ezingaphili.

Class usawoti wezinto ezingaphili. Ukwahlukanisa, izakhiwo ngokomzimba

Ngokusekelwe isikhundla ED, kungenzeka usawoti wezinto ezingaphili okukhulunywa compounds e ikhambi aqueous ukuze Nqamula metal cations Me ⁺ anions ⁿ futhi anions An ^n-. Ngakho ungayibona ngeso lengqondo usawoti. Ukunqunywa Chemical inikeza eyodwa, kodwa lena sinembe kakhulu.

Kulokhu, ngokuvumelana nemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, zonke nosawoti zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Esidi (kokuba cations ehlanganisa hydrogen). ISIBONELO: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (utholakala njengengxenye gidroksogrupp). ISIBONELO: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Isilinganiso (sakhiwa kuphela kwezintathu seka metal kanye ezisalayo acid). ISIBONELO: NaCl, caso _4.
• Dual (zihlanganisa ezimbili ezehlukene seka metal). ISIBONELO: Naal (SO _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, aqua izakhiwo kanye nabanye). Isibonelo: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula nosawoti kubonise chemical yabo imvelo, kanye inkulumo mayelana nokubunjwa qualitative ambalwa engqamuzaneni.

Oxides, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, acid unekhono ezahlukene solubility, okungase kubhekwe ethebuleni abafanele.

Uma sikhuluma isimo wokuhlanganisa nosawoti, kubalulekile ukugcina monotony yabo. Zikhona kuphela okuqinile, crystalline noma ifomu powder. Ububanzi umbala wehlukile ngempela. I izixazululo nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi kujwayele ukuthi ezinemibala egqamile te.

Chemical ukuxhumana ekilasini nosawoti naphakathi

Have efanayo amakhemikhali izakhiwo base, nosawoti acid. Oxides, njengoba sesixoxile kakade, athé ukwehluka kubo kule isici.

Zonke bungabonakala 4 izinhlobo eziyisisekelo kokusebenzisana ngenxa nosawoti ophansi.

I. Ukusebenzelana acid (oqinile kuphela ngokuya ED) simise elinye usawoti kanye asidi:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Ukusabela nge hydroxides nge ukubukeka nosawoti encibilikayo lezisekelo zingaxazululeki:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{usawoti encibilikayo 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 base zingaxazululeki}

III. Ukuxhumana nabanye usawoti encibilikayo ukwakha nosawoti zingaxazululeki futhi encibilikayo:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Ukusabela zensimbi, elibheke ku EHRNM kwesokunxele esakha usawoti. Kulesi simo metal engenayo akumelwe asabele at kwezimo ezivamile ukusabela ngamanzi:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Lezi izinhlobo ezinkulu ekuhlanganyeleni ukuthi kukhona isici nosawoti evamile. Formula nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi, speak eziyisisekelo, esidi double bona mayelana ngokucacile embukisweni chemical izakhiwo.

Formula oxides, lezisekelo zalo, acid, nosawoti zibonisa uhlobo amakhemikhali abamele kula makilasi compounds wezinto ezingaphili, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikeza umbono we indaba isihloko kanye izakhiwo zalo ngokomzimba. Ngakho-ke, emibhalweni yabo kufanele uyinaka. A ezihlukahlukene omkhulu compounds ngokuvamile usinikeza isayensi emangalisayo - kwamakhemikhali. Oxides, acid, nosawoti - kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo ukwehluka okukhulu.