Dangerous imihlola Geological nezinqubo

Ukubamba iqhaza ezindaweni ezahlukene izinhlekelele zemvelo kule planethi nemiphumela yabo basikisela ukuthi abantu noma okwamanje ngokwanele ecwaninga lezi zinto izinqubo kanye nezimbangela zabo, noma ayiphoqwa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezindaweni ezinobungozi.

Uma ngabe kwakuhlukile, kwakuzoba ziba izisulu eziningi. Inombolo yabo ibonisa ukuthi izenzakalo Geophysical futhi Geological esiyingozi zisengaphansi inqubo cwaningo ososayensi emhlabeni wonke.

Umqondo inhlekelele

Noma yimuphi Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo entailing ukuphulwa noma izinguquko imvelo, bayakufanelekela njengoba izinhlekelele zemvelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, mhlawumbe bangamaJuda Geological, Geophysical, Meteorological, kwamanzi, begazi, emvelweni, noma ngisho uhlamvu isikhala. Lokho kubangelwa yezimbangela ukuthi ukushintsha isakhiwo, ukuma noma izici zezulu amaplanethi bebonke, futhi esifundeni esithile. Ngaphezu zemvelo, kukhona ubunjiniyela esiyingozi futhi izinqubo Geological kanye izenzakalo, avame wabonakaliswa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa endaweni engalungile, noma Ukungenela komuntu e imvelo.

Umqondo "okubi" isetshenziswa endabeni nemiphumela emikhulu okubhubhisa into yemvelo. Igama elithi "nokuguqulwa" kulokhu kusho isimo esiphuthumayo we yinhlekelele ethile. Okunye ukuhlola osekunesikhathi eside isakhiwo Zomhlaba, isimo sayo sezulu kanye nendawo emkhathini, kanye imishini olunembile kakhulu futhi ebucayi, akuzona njalo ukwazi "ukuxwayisa" abantu mayelana ingozi esondelayo emkhathizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, okuvela kuyo i-tsunami Kunzima ukuqagela, bengazi lutho izinqubo ezenzeka ekujuleni kolwandle.

Ukuze ukukhomba izinguquko kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo, zikhona izinhlangano ekhethekile emhlabeni wonke.

Umqondo izinhlekelele Geological

izingozi Geological akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike kulezizinsuku. Nakuba izilinganiso olunzima ososayensi, uMhlaba iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 4.5, isihlobo kwezinye izinto emkhathini, kusenzima iplanethi abasha, wedlula izigaba zawo zentuthuko.

izingozi Yemvelo Lokudabuka Geological - inhlekelele kubangelwa isimo lithosphere planethi. Lezi ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa izinqubo Geophysical - ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Inhlekelele yemvelo Geological - kwenhlabathi futhi mudflows. Bonke babe amazinga amandla abo, ososayensi abafanelekayo baba baningi ngezinga ekhethekile.

Ngaphezu kokutadisha izenzakalo ezinjalo, kukhona eziningi amazinga kanye nemigomo, ukuhlinzekela esiphuthumayo kuhlengwe abantu nokuqedwa nemiphumela yezinhlekelele zemvelo.

ukuzamazama komhlaba

Zonke izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini emathunjini Zomhlaba, wayecabanga ngani ubuso bayo ngesimo ukuzamazama komhlaba. Okunjalo imihlola enobungozi Geological ezihlobene yokuthi yangaphakathi nezinqubo zomhlaba emhlabeni kuthinta izingqimba saso.

Imperceptible kubantu, kodwa isicupho amasu ezizwelayo ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba kubangela amazwekazi ukuthi kukhona njalo kunyakaza. Kuyefana nasendleleni ezintabeni namaphutha koqweqwe. Konke lokhu kuyimbangela lokuzamazama komhlaba. Ezinye Izendlalelo lithosphere phansi isiphuku eMhlabeni, kuyilapho abanye bavuke, futhi lo msebenzi okuqhubekayo libhekene esishintshashintshayo ezimbili zokuzamazama komhlaba planethi - eMedithera-Asia Pacific.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba ososayensi ukutadisha amabutho ezithinta uqweqwe eMhlabeni, nezikhwepha imvamisa yazo. Ukuze sithole amandla okuzamazama komhlaba kukhona itafula ekhethekile ukujula namandla amandla awashintsheki e amaphuzu.

Izisulu ukuzamazama komhlaba

Kunobufakazi bokuthi endulo kwakukhona izingozi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Izibonelo zalokhu - gone ngaphansi kwamanzi noma imizi. Ngokusho ososayensi, umfutho kanye nokuvama ukuzamazama komhlaba eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 10-12 edlule babe kakhulu kunalokhu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqubo kancane kancane ehlile ku yembathani Earth.

Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sethu izibonelo eziningi ukuzamazama komhlaba, uyiswa e emfushane izinkulungwane isikhathi izimpilo zabantu:

• Indonesia Year 2006 - 6618 izisulu.
• Indonesia ngo-2009 - abantu abangaphezu kuka-1,500.
• Haiti ngonyaka 2010 - 150 000 izisulu.
• Japan 2011 - abantu abangu-18 000.
• Nepal 2015 - kuka 4,000 efile.

Lesi senzakalo Geological esiyingozi iphutha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, okusikisela ukuthi komhlaba umsebenzi zomhlaba emhlabeni namanje kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu.

izintaba-mlilo

magma Olubunjiwe e umnyombo siyahamba njalo, futhi uma umphumela phuca ipuleti amaphutha zomhlaba nokusasamba avele, ingaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu odlula kwamanzi uqweqwe. Ngakho bavele izingozi zemvelo - izinhlekelele Geological njengoba izintaba-mlilo.

Ososayensi uhlukanise ezintathu izinhlobo hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo :

• Kuvele intabamlilo yokuqothulwa eyaziwa ngokuba nokuqhuma yayo phambi impucuko yazibonakalisa savela Emhlabeni. Kuphela isakhiwo sabo kanye imali e asemigodini, ososayensi ongahlulela labo esinamandla kanjani ukuthi babeyibo, futhi lapho beyeka ukunyakazisa umzimba.
• Ngu izingozi Geological-mlilo ithule, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi kuqhuma yabo yamuva kube emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Noma kunjalo, ngezinye izikhathi "liphile" ngezinqubo ukuthi zenzeka ekujuleni ezibilinini Zomhlaba. Ziyakwazi kuthikameze abantu, njengoba bengeke bakwazi "vuka" nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
• Ingozi embi kunazo zonke ekuphileni kwabantu ukuthi izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo obubusa ekujuleni kukhona izinqubo njalo ezibangela ukuzamazama komhlaba kwekhabhoni magma.

Kuze kube manje, inani elikhulu kunawo wonke nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo akhawunti ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo Indonesian, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Ring of Fire". Archipelago ubude km 40 000 bahlanganisa ikakhulu amaphutha zomhlaba, akha cishe u-90% bonke mlilo le planethi.

izintaba-mlilo Akunjalo ezimbi ngokwabo njengoba eyingozi imihlola Geological ukuthi ngihambe nabo - ukukhululwa amagesi nomlotha emkhathini lava mlilo, udaka ukusakaza, ukuzamazama komhlaba ne-tsunami.

Imiphumela mlilo

Ngu izenzakalo ohambisana kuqhuma intaba-mlilo yilezi:

• Lava notshwala - aqukethe zokwakheka komhlaba, bhotela ukuba lokushisa 1000 noma ngaphezulu. lava ukunyakaza incike ukujiya kanye ukuthambekela yayo ezintabeni, futhi kungase kube cm / ihora eziningana, futhi afinyelela ku-100 km ngehora.
• ifu Volcanic - omunye izenzakalo eziyingozi kakhulu, ngoba siqukethe igesi ashisayo futhi umlotha ukuthi zishiswa isendleleni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuqhuma Mont Pelee (Martinique) ngo-1902, ifu efanayo ishanelwe nge ijubane 160 km / h ngemizuzu embalwa nje wabulala abantu abangu-40 000.

• Mud notshwala futhi lahars. kwakhiwa Ukungcola is kusukela umlotha wentaba-mlilo futhi lahars - inhlanganisela elicibilikile iqhwa, umhlaba kanye namatshe. Ngaphansi lahars ngo-1985 wabulala wonke umuzi (abantu 25 000) e-zase-Armero nhlekelele (Colombia).
• igesi Volcanic sakhiwa-hydrogen sulfide ne-sulfur oxides, obulalayo ukuba abantu.

Lena akuyona yonke eyingozi izinqubo Geological kanye izenzakalo ezihambisana ne nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Lolu hlobo nenhlekelele esabekayo sizalwa nawo isizukulwane sethu, kanye kuwo wonke umlando wesintu.

ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi

Uma izintaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba, izenzakalo Geophysical, izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze futhi mudflows - izinqubo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Imbangela kwenhlabathi (kubutsela emadwaleni) namuhla 80% umsebenzi womuntu akanangqondo. Ngokuvamile emadwaleni isikhathi eside buthelela futhi ayikwazi wathinta anokuhlangenwe isikhala, kodwa ushintsho emthambekeni weNtaba, ukuzamazama zokuzamazama komhlaba, noma ingalimaza okusakaza imvula Ungashintsha konke imizuzwana embalwa.

Ezazidilikile ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu lihlotshaniswa ahlabayo kwezihlahla, ukulima ngendlela engafanele emaceleni ale ntaba nokususwa inhlabathi.

Ngalokhu, endaweni okuyinto hlala, futhi ungqimba nenhlabathi ejulile, amaslayidi zihlukaniswe amancane, aphakathi nendawo kanye enkulu. Ngesikhathi indawo lezi izingozi zemvelo (shift Geological kubangela emadwaleni) kungenzeka entabeni, umkhumbi-ngwenya, kuhlanganiswe futhi yokufakelwa. Laba nezenzo zabantu - imigodi, udoti zokulahla ezimayini, emiseleni.

sill

Enye ingozi ukuthi ukuphila komuntu inhlekelele yemvelo mudslides. Siqukethe amanzi, ngodaka nangamatshe, futhi ngokuvamile ehlobene kakhulu ngokuvuswa ezingeni amanzi emilanjeni entabeni. Yize-ke wahlala ukuhlangana kuthatha 1 kuya ku-3 amahora, umonakalo ukuthi kungabangela kuyinto ungalungiseki. Ngokwesibonelo, emadolobheni amaningana lonke inani izisulu abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 000, ngokuba silishiyile izwe lapho mudslides ePeru ngo-1970.

Imbangela uvame wabanjwa kukhona izimvula noma ukuncibilika kweqhwa phezulu entabeni. Ngo ngezithako zawo, basuke basakaza odakeni, futhi gryazekamennye vodokamennye. Ukuze ugweme izisulu womuntu, mudflow izindawo yimani niqonde edamini oludlula amanzi kodwa ayeke ukugeleza amatshe nasodakeni. Futhi esiphumelelako ukwakhiwa nemifula kanye okulawulwa kwemithombo yamanzi ube nemigodi ngemigodi.

Hle isikhathi udaka notshwala alikho, kodwa kungenzeka ukuba abale cishe amathuba imvula (e flash imvelaphi) noma ukwandisa e nezinga lokushisa (yahlala glacial).

ngendathane

Njengoba wazi, phezu 80% ngendathane ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu. Namuhla kuba izivakashi zokushushuluza eqhweni abafisa ukuthola "ingxenye" kwe-adrenaline. Avalanche - mass kweqhwa, kwakhiwa njengoba oluhlala entabeni nemithambeka.

Nge ekuqongeleleni izingqimba zeqhwa zinzima, kodwa hhayi aphule phansi Jerk kancane noma ukuncibilika. Kuye emthambekeni futhi ukuphakama i emthambekeni ngendathane ingathola yesivinini 100 km / h. Coming esehlile entabeni, encane ekuqaleni, it kwandisa, "prihvatyvaya" indlela zeqhwa amatshe. Misa ngendathane engenakwenzeka. Ngokuvamile ukufana yayo eyeka nge ekwehleleni kuya phansi kwentaba.

Emlandweni lesi simanga Geological has abalimala eziningi, ngenani ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi i inhlekelele ngendathane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Turkey e 1191 nango-1992, izisulu zalesi simo babe abantu abangaphezu kuka-300.

Shintsha emhlabeni

Njengoba singabona kusukela izinqubo ngenhla zemvelo, izingozi Geological - definition ubanzi nje inhlekelele yemvelo. Umhlaba izinhlekelele eyaziwa, okwabangela izinguquko womhlaba noma sendawo sezulu nempumuzo isakhiwo.

Esibonelweni izinhlekelele eziye zenzeka esikhathini sethu, singatholakala ngokuthi ukuqhuma ka Krakatoa (1883), kwabangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu iminyaka 5. A insika igesi futhi umlotha yonke indawo ngenxa yokuqhuma intaba-mlilo liye lenyuka cishe ngo-70 km ubude futhi kusele izingxenyana yayo ehlakazekile km 500. Kusukela umlotha, isikhathi eside emkhathini, izinga lokushisa emhlabeni lehla 1.2 degrees.

I amaphutha ungqimba lomhlaba kubangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kungabangela inhlekelele yezomnotho semvelo. landscape ushintsho kubangela ekubhujisweni kwendawo ngoba zimbali ezikhula khona nezilwane ophilayo.

Ubunjiniyela Geological imihlola

Imbangela ukubonakaliswa eziningi izingozi Geological kuyinto womuntu. Ubunjiniyela imisebenzi yokwakha zabantu lidala ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe izinqubo zomhlaba. Phakathi Ekuphakanyisweni, isibonelo, kungukuphula amadamu Umhlaba uquqaba, ewa bedle amabutho angaphandle kubo.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-ngekhulu le-19 eFrance. Kutholwe ngaphansi ungqimba edamini sandstone kwakungelona okuqhubekayo bacwilisa izakhiwo isisindo, okwaholela ushintsho landscape futhi izisulu womuntu.

Ukudubula inhlabathi akhicitwe nakuchubeka ukwakhiwa, miscalculation kanye nokuntuleka ulwazi izinqubo zomhlaba sihamba endaweni ka ungqimba lomhlaba ngamunye ngokuvamile kungaholela enhlekeleleni. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ithuthukiswe izindinganiso ubunjiniyela kanye Geological survey.

I elula kakhulu amakhono ezempilo nokuphepha komuntu ifundiswe ezikoleni.

Ucwaningo zemvelo e esikoleni

kuncike School, ukutadisha izingozi Geological, ukuphepha ukuphila, kunikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo oludingekayo izingane ukuba baqonde zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo ezenzeka Emhlabeni.

Isihloko "Kubaluleka Life Safety" inikeza ukubukeka umuntu esikoleni elwati nemakhono baziphathe ngokufanele, ukuze sisinde ukunikeza usizo lokuqala ezimweni eziyingozi kubangelwa zemvelo.