Kuyini kwaba nenhlekelele engokwemvelo? Izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye ngezigaba zabo

inhlekelele yemvelo - lesi simanga elimazayo, ukuba amandla okukhulu, owabangela umonakalo ngokuthi insimu lapho kwenzeka. Ngalesi uhlobo nenhlekelele lisetshenziswa umonakalo omkhulu. Lokhu kungafaka: ukuzamazama komhlaba, ama-tsunami, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, isomiso, izikhukhula, iziphepho, izivunguvungu nokuningi.

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlekelele zemvelo

Eziphuthumayo odabuka yemvelo, noma izinhlekelele zemvelo eRussia nasemazweni ahlukahlukene ukuze uhlukanise kanje:

1. imihlola Geological.
2. isifo ezithathelwanayo kubantu.
3. imihlola kwamanzi.
4. Izifo ezithathelwanayo imfuyo.
5. izingozi Nomhlaba.
6. Izilonda wezolimo isitshalo izinambuzane nezifo.
7. Umlilo wequbula.
8. Marine imihlola kwamanzi.
9. Meteorological futhi Agro-Meteorological imihlola:

• iziphepho;
• isivunguvungu;
• Squalls;
• neziphepho;
• vortices mpo;
• yesithwathwa;
• Tornado;
• izihlambi;
• kweqhwa;
• kwesomiso;
• isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa,
• fogs futhi t. d.

Amafomu zinezikhathi inhlekelele futhi ingozi nokubaluleka inani kufa nezibalo ezikhuphuka njalo usayizi umonakalo, kunokuba endaweni endaweni ubhujiswe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngisho lapho uzamazama kakhulu eziye zenzeka ezindaweni enkulu unpopulated, akuhlobene izibhicongo abalulekile, ngokungafani Ukundindizela buthaka ezenzeka ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi.

ukuzamazama komhlaba

Lena yezinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu zemvelo, futhi ubukhulu umonakalo, kanye nenani izisulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uzivikele lezi zinhlekelele kunzima, ngoba ngisho ikhumbula yokuthi izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba benza imizamo yokubhalisa umsebenzi omkhulu, ukuzamazama komhlaba ngokuvamile ivele kungalindelekile.

Lezi izinhlekelele zemvelo ziyingxenye njalo eRussia, kunalokho sibonakala efika kuqala. Eqinisweni, abantu ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni ihlala ezindaweni ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba yingozi.

Njengoba kukalwa kokuzamazama komhlaba?

seismographs Ngenxa ukuqopha Ochwepheshe amagagasi nokudludliza phansi amapuleti. amadivaysi Modern electronic iyakwazi ngisho ukundindizela ezincane, okuyinto akuzwakali.

Ngo-1935, uCharles sikaRichter wadala lapho ungakwazi ukubala kalula bese uqhathanisa amandla kunyakaza ngomshoshaphansi. Eqinisweni, i-seismologist American phelelisa kokusungulwa usosayensi Japanese Wadati. Ngokusho esikalini 12-iphuzu, ukuzamazama komhlaba zihlukaniswe okusemandleni abo namuhla.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu Isibikezelo: amateur, professional noma isayensi. Kukhona izikhathi uma abantu ebucayi wenza ezishaya emhloleni kakhulu yini kukhulunywa ngokuzamazama komhlaba.

The main efanayo izindlela ukuqagela izingozi zalolu hlobo yilezi:

1. Ukukhomba esishintshashintshayo ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba asebenzayo.
2. Ucwaningo izinguquko indlela yokwakheka amagesi asuka ekujuleni.
3. Tadisha kancane ushintsho ijubane okungu kanti isikhathi ukuzamazama.
4. Ucwaningo we izikhungo yokusabalalisa emkhathini kanye nesikhathi.
5. Ucwaningo kazibuthe kanye conductivity kagesi yamadwala.

I emiphumeleni yezinhlekelele zemvelo uvinjelwa sibonga eyenzelwe zokuvikela. Batfutfukisa iziphathimandla abanekhono onguchwepheshe ekutadisheni izifunda ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba esiyingozi eRussia.

Okufanele ukwenze ngesikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba?

Okokuqala, kufanele sihlale sizolile njengoba uvalo ungenziwa kuphela babhebhethekisa lesi simo. Uma bengaphandle, zama ukuhlala kude ezikhangiso kanye ephezulu iphuzu izinto. Iningi engozini are ntu saphelelwa endlini ukuthola indawo yokuhlala ephephile. Eqinisweni, kungcono kakhulu ukuba bahlale ezindlini, ukucisha izinto zikagesi. It is nhlobo ukungena ikheshi ngesikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba. izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana uqale ngokuzumayo nje njengoba ukuphela, kodwa nokho, ngemva eliqhaqhazelayo zokugcina Kunconywa ukushiya yokukhosela lungekho ngaphambi emva kwemizuzu 40.

I-tsunami

Igama elithi "i-tsunami" livela egameni Japanese, okusho "igagasi elikhulu wageza off ethekwini." Inchazelo yesayensi inhlekelele ngalendlela lelandzelako - leli gagasi eside bemvelo inhlekelele, okuzovela ikakhulu ngenxa ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba phansi ekujuleni kolwandle.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi inhlekelele engokwemvelo futhi abangele iningi komhlaba. amagagasi-tsunami ongafinyelela ubude amakhilomitha 150 kuya ku-300. Ngo yolwandle oluvulekile, kunyakaza ezinjalo cishe imperceptible. Kodwa lapho kwegagasi eshalofini engajulile, kuba cishe liphenduka omkhulu ezihambayo udonga. Amandla izakhi okuthwala wonke amadolobha angasogwini. Uma wave hits amatheku angajulile noma izizalo zemifula, kuba ngisho ephakeme. Ngokufanayo, njengoba kulinganiswe kokuzamazama komhlaba, kukhona isikali okhethekile, esenza sikwazi elichaza ukushuba-tsunami.

• Mina - I-tsunami ibuthakathaka kakhulu. Kwase kuzoqala igagasi cishe imperceptible, kukhona gauge tide.
• II - Tsunami ababuthakathaka. Kungaba ukugcwalisa coast flat.
• III - I-tsunami ka amandla aphakathi. It nezikhukhula ogwini flat, futhi ungakwazi futhi aphonse ukukhanya ogwini inkantolo.
• IV - tsunami eqinile. Ngokuphelele Ugcwalise ugu umonakalo ugu izakhiwo kanye nezinye izinhlaka. Ufaka umhlaba imikhumbi emikhulu ngomkhumbi futhi izikebhe ezincane.
• V --tsunami eqinile kakhulu. Zonke izindawo ezisogwini zigcwele futhi kakhulu, kwacekeleka phansi izakhiwo. On ogwini aphonswe izitsha zinkulu futhi kubangela umonakalo ezingxenyeni kwangaphakathi ogwini. Nge-tsunami enamandla kakhulu avame izisulu womuntu. Lokhu inhlekelele yemvelo kuvamile impela, futhi kusukela izinkulungwane zabantu abathintekayo ngonyaka.
• VI - I-tsunami inhlekelele. Coast nezindawo ezisogwini uthululwa ngokuphelele. Land and isikhala esiningi ogwini phakathi nezwe yizikhukhula ngokuphelele. Iletha eziningi izisulu.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

Maphakathi Hawaii, Honolulu, kuba service ekhethekile-tsunami kwesixwayiso. Esikhathini inhlangano idatha kusetshenzwe yi-31 iziteshi zokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye ukuqopha ezingaphezu kuka-50 tide iziteshi geji. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isikhungo ecwaninga lezi zinto izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo. Ukubikezela okuvela kuyo i can inkonzo-tsunami e-zokuqala imizuzu 15-20 ngaphambi kwale ngozi. Ngakho, isigijimi kufanele ngobulili ngokushesha isikhathi ukuthatha amanyathelo wonke afaneleyo nokuvikeleka.

Ukuze azivikele tsunami, kufanele sihlale sizolile, kanye esimweni ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kumele ngangokunokwenzeka kude nomdweshu wezwe elisogwini futhi lizama ukukhuphuka njengoba eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. I esiyingozi kakhulu - yinto abantu abaningi bathanda ukuhlala ogwini ophahleni emizini yabo. Empeleni, amandla amagagasi ingaba mibi kakhulu ukuze Uzesule impela into esitebeleni kunazo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Tsunami - inhlekelele yemvelo, futhi iyingozi kakhulu.

mlilo

mlilo zinezikhathi izinqubo mlilo, okungenza idale inhlekelele. Kungenzeka lava kwemali, izintaba-mlilo, hot udaka kwemali, amafu ohangulayo nokuningi.

Ingozi embi kunazo zonke kuyinto lava, okuyinto ancibilikile, sishisiswe lokushisa ngenhla degrees 1000. Lolu ketshezi kusukela imifantu emhlabathini agelezela ngokuqondile noma umane ageleza phezu konqenqema wentaba-mlilo futhi ageleza kancane ezinyaweni. Umthelela yezinhlekelele zemvelo okubangelwa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, iyingozi kakhulu kubantu.

Notshwala lava nazo ngempela ibe usongo olukhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kubonakala sengathi mass ihamba kunalokho kancane, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele yokuthi ukushisa lwakha hot air imisinga, okungaba kuphila kwetfu engotini, ngisho kude kakhulu.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

Experience kanye umkhuba zisikisela ukuthi notshwala lava ezingelapheka ngosizo nokubhonywa kusukela izindiza. Ngenxa yalesi isivinini ukugeleza ashisayo siyehla kakhulu.

Kuze kube manje, izinhlekelele zemvelo like "nokuqhuma" kuyaqedwa sibonga emikhombeni yokufakelwa ukuthi uvumele ukuthatha ukufikelwa ukushisa. Ngiphephile indlela ephumelelayo ukwakhiwa levees zokuzivikela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona enye ingozi. mudslides Mechanical lava empeleni iyingozi kakhulu futhi, ngokusho izibalo, isibalo izisulu abaye bahlupheka kuzo kaningana. Iqiniso lokuthi izingqimba ash kukhona isikhundla kunalokho engazinzile. Uma umlotha wentaba-mlilo ibizwa afuthwe ngesibulali amanzi, uqala liyafana incumbe, okuyinto lengashelela ngesivinini esikhulu nge eyehlelayo. Ukuze bazivikele kulezi udaka ageleza cishe akunakwenzeka, njengoba ukuhambisa ngokushesha impela, futhi iningi esiphuthumayo akanayo isikhathi esanele. Izinhlekelele ezinjalo zemvelo eRussia okungenzeka kakhulu ukwenzeka eKamchatka, njengoba ukule ndawo isibalo esiphezulu nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo.

Kusukela buthaka udaka notshwala kungenziwa ivikelwe levees noma anemifantu eziklanyelwe. Kwezinye nemizana abakhileyo ukusabalala Indonesian esinqeni le ntaba-mlilo, amagquma yokufakelwa. Phakathi engokwemvelo lapho esongela sina ingozi izifiki ukuxova kulezi hillocks futhi ngokwenza kanjalo ugwema hot udaka notshwala.

Enye ingozi iwukuthi ngesikhathi lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa ancibilike kusukela mlilo, akha omningi amanzi. Lokhu kungase okwengeziwe kungaholela izikhukhula ezinamandla. Ngakho, izingozi kanye nezinhlekelele angase avuse nomunye.

Vele wentaba-mlilo amagesi ayingozi. Ziqukethe ukungcola sulphur oxide, hydrogen sulfide ne- hydrochloric acid. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziyabulala ukuba abantu.

I ukuvikelwa amagesi ezinjalo kuphela imaskhi.

ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi

Lesi senzakalo akhiwa uma izinqubo zemvelo (noma, njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka, abantu) iphule ukuzinza emthambekeni. Ngesikhathi lapho amandla edwaleni iba ezincane kuno amandla adonsela phansi, ngabe wonke umhlaba uquqaba kunyakaza. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi uquqaba esezithela phezu nasemithambekeni cishe kungabonakali. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, isivinini sabo kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu futhi kungaba kukhulu kune 100 km / h.

Lo mkhuba ngobukhulu engokwemvelo lolu hlobo ubhekwa umcimbi elafika ngo-1911 e-Pamir Izintaba eRussia. A kumhambela giant kwaba senziwa njengokungathi ngokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokwabacwaningi, lolu suku Ngafaka phezu 2.5 cubic emakhilomitha material okuxekethile. Kwakuthinta sigcwale amanzi ngokuphelele emzaneni Usa futhi zonke izakhamizi 54. izinhlobo ezinjalo okuyoba inhlekelele izinhlekelele ziyinsakavukela, hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningi.

Uma sikhuluma isibalo izisulu kumhambela esibi kunazo yinhlekelele yemvelo elafika ngo-1920 e-China. Ngendlela efanayo Pamirs, lomkhuba kwabangelwa ukuzamazama, okuholele material okuxekethile lugcwalise esigodini Kangxi zonke nemizi yalo nemizana yalo. Kulinganiselwa wokulungiselela, zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka 200,000.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

Indlela kuphela ukuvikeleka kwangempela kwenhlabathi isexwayiso yabo. Ochwepheshe - onjiniyela kanye izazi zokuma komhlaba - ziye zasungula isethi olukhethekile izinyathelo zokuvimbela yakhelwe ukulungiselela labantu nemfundo enjalo, futhi uchaze ukuthi yini le ngozi, ingozi, inhlekelele yemvelo, njll ...

Kodwa ngeshwa, lapho ungangena usuvele uqalile, iyiphi izindlela zokuphepha ayizwakali. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa, imbangela eyinhloko kwenhlabathi amanzi, ngakho esigabeni sokuqala umsebenzi ukuphoqelelwa iyiqoqo nokuzijabulisa overabundance umswakama.

Ukubikezela ezinjalo zemvelo kunzima, njengoba kulokhu, inani kwezulu akuphazamisi kumiswa kwenhlabathi, kanye emkhathini. Izinhlekelele yalolu hlobo kungenzeka ngokuzumayo futhi kube umphumela we komhlaba.

izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze

I izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze ngobukhulu sabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-10,000 eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Iqiniso lokuthi izinga ukugeleza kungaba isukela 25 360 km / h. Izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze ningabaleli ezintathu izinhlobo: ezinkulu, medium kanye nezincane. Elikhulu adilize cishe yonke into esendleleni yawo, emizaneni bawubhubhisa kalula nezinye izinto. Isilinganiso yingozi kubantu kuphela njengoba okudiliza izakhiwo, ngeke baze bakwazi ukuwenza. izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze-Small cishe esiyingozi futhi, isimiso, engabonakali abantu.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

Njengoba nakwezinye izimo, indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke ekuvikelweni izinyathelo. Ochwepheshe lula ngempela ukunquma emithambekeni ngendathane futhi ngokuvamile lokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele akudingekile. Futhi, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze kakhulu phansi imizila efanayo.

Ukuze ukubikezela olusondelayo ngokuningiliziwe ngendathane watadisha isiqondiso somoya nasemvuleni. Uma iqhwa uwile 25 mm obukhulu, kukhona amathuba kancane into embi kangaka. Uma ukuphakama 55 mm, ukuthi kungenzeka inyuka ngendathane. Futhi umqulu 100-milimitha kweqhwa fresh cishe ngendathane ngaphakathi kwamahora ambalwa.

Ekuvikeleni inhlekelele ngendathane emithambekeni ebiyelwe zenkulumo izihlangu. Nokho, uma wehluleka ukuvimba isici, wenza ukuhlaselwa phezu zokushushuluza eqhweni. Lokhu kwasusa bebuthanela ezincane futhi akuyona ingozi ngesisindo.

Izikhukhula kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo - izikhukhula

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-izikhukhula: emfuleni nasolwandle. Kuze kube manje, into engokwemvelo banciphisa ¾ labantu emhlabeni.

Kusukela ezifana izinhlekelele zemvelo ezenzeka kuka-1947 kuya ku-1967, kwashona abantu abangaphezu kuka-200,000. Ukuze izakhamuzi of Russia le mbuzo uyafaneleka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uzamcolo Petersburg wadalula izikhathi 245. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke lezi iphutha ngo-1824, futhi kuye echazwe enkondlweni A. S. Pushkinym sika "lethusi wehhashi". Iqiniso ukuthi dolobha lisendaweni ezansi emathafeni asogwini, futhi ngokushesha nje lapho lamanzi linyuka 150 cm, amanzi seepage iqala.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuvikelwa

inhlekelele yemvelo - uzamcolo, zokuvimbela yayo kudinga ukuhlonipha ilungelo lokusetshenziswa komhlaba ituthuko yokuhlaliswa kwabantu. Ukulungisa ukugeleza imifula kanye nokuvikela endaweni ezungezile, ungehlisa usongo yezikhukhula esiphansi. Futhi-ke zingakwazi ukondleka edamini zenkulumo, ezizohlinzeka Ukuvikelwa ngokugcwele noma kancane. Ukuze lelisu nokongiwa eside ngemva kwenhlekelele yemvelo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa njalo nokulawula ogwini.

Isici esiyinhloko obhekene ukushuba izikhukhula, inani lemvula enayo. Luphinde kuphenywe izici morphological nezinto eziphilayo.

Kuze kube manje, Umhlaba Commission Izimo eziphuthumayo imiyalelo ezikhethekile zenzelwe uma izikhukhula kanye nezikhukhula. Thina sibheke leyo ebaluleke kakhulu.

1. Ngaphambi kukazamcolo kufanele kube amasaka ngesihlabathi ekugcobisa namadreni ahlanzekile, kanye umthombo ugesi. Kubalulekile Thenga kakhulu amanzi nokudla nokuphuza utshwala. Ukuqedwa izinhlekelele zemvelo yalolu hlobo kungathatha Adalberto isikhathi eside.
2. Phakathi izikhukhula kufanele ugweme ukuba sezindaweni ongaphakeme-amanga, okungase kube ekugcineni enezikhukhula. Kumele ukuhambisa ngokucophelela okukhulu. Uma amanzi ngenhla kwamadolo, noma kunjalo ayikwazi ukuhambisa ezindaweni enezikhukhula. Hlaziya ngamandla ukugeleza zibukeke engenakwenzeka.
3. Emva kukazamcolo ke akudingekile ukuba badle ukudla okuye ongcoliswe amanzi kazamcolo. Abakwazi nama-bacterium. Kuyefana nasendleleni amanzi okuphuza, okuyinto akufanele bedakiwe ngaphandle isheke ingqondo.

Lapho ekubikezeleni izikhukhula, isiphepho okhuphuka nezikhukhula ziyabhekelelwa izici Meteorological, kanye ukuhamba ezindaweni ingcindezi ongaphakeme (zasezindaweni futhi imimoya enamandla). Morphology ogwini kulinganiselwa, kanye ezingeni amanzi kunakwe ngokuhambisana isimo amatafula tide.

Ekuphetheni

Ngaphezu kwalezi zemvelo, kukhona umlilo (yenhlekelele yemvelo noma ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu), kunenkanyamba, isiphepho futhi isivunguvungu, okuyinto iyingozi kakhulu ekuphileni komuntu. Ukuze uvimbele futhi bazivikele inhlekelele, kudingeka ulandele ngokucacile zonke izincomo ochwepheshe futhi njalo uzilungiselele ezinjalo nezinhlekelele zemvelo.