Krakatoa: efile futhi ovusiwe

Krakatau - mlilo phakathi Java naseSumatra, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke e-Malay Archipelago (Indonesia). Lokhu ngokujwayelekile stratovidnoy, entabeni nomlilo-ukuphefumula nesithakazelo sina e volcanology, futhi zingase ziqhutshwe hhayi kuphela nesithakazelo kwesayensi, kodwa isabela izimpilo izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu. Kukholakala ukuthi kuqhuma yayo ngo-1883 kwaba enamandla kakhulu emlandweni umlando ebhaliwe isintu. Kodwa ake ngiqale indaba ekuqaleni. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi uma Java naseSumatra babe isiqhingi, futhi Sunda Strait wayengekho. Ngo-535 AD kwakukhona ukuqhuma elikhulu intaba-mlilo, okuyinto kwaholela ekuhlukaneni lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, futhi esimweni sezulu sembulunga yonke ushintsho ngezinga elingelikhulu kwamaplanethi.

Nakuba le ngozi engakaze ezichazwe zemihla ngemihla, isihlahla izindandatho, wafunda Dendrochronologists uvumele ijaji ukuthi "auknulos" ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Krakatau intabamlilo futhi akazange lokucabanga ke ngiyolala, futhi intukuthelo yakhe njalo ebonakaliswa ukuqhuma elinamandla futhi umlotha kwekhabhoni. Kwakuwuhambo okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi isiqhingi elikhulu (9 kuya kwezingu-5 km), ezinde phezu amamitha ayizinkulungwane ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Bekanye namanye eziqhingini ezincane kwaba izinsalela nezakudala intabamlilo wentaba, okuphakama kwawo, ngokusho kombiko mlilo, kungaba izinkulungwane ezimbili zemihla metrov.Istoricheskie yisho ngonyaka abesabekayo 1680, kodwa lokho okwenzeke lidlule wonke ukumelwa ongazicabanga esintwini mayelana ukuqothulwa-August 1883 amandla magma Earth.

Lokhu kuqhuma intaba-mlilo Krakatau waqala ngo-May. Ekuqaleni, lezi kwakungezona ngamabhomu njalo, hhayi ukulimaza noma ubani. Nokho, lezi cottons entabeni bekha mass enkulu rock futhi kugcwele kwakhiwa voids. Entathakusa ka-Agasti 27 ukuduma umsindo ovala izindlebe wokudubula lezwakala. Ngezinye 150 eBatavia (manje Jakarta) kuqhuma ecekela phansi kophahla ngadabula umnyango off izinkintsho zawo, umsindo liyezwakala Madagascar (e izinkulungwane 4 km kusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona). Ingxenye enkulu yalesi siqhingi kuwa ngosuku olulandelayo. Ngo kolwandle uyize ke enezikhukhula. Magma ukuxhumana ne liquid ukuqhuma gidromagmatichesky iphutha futhi amanzi wahlangana kukholamu seliphumile ku ash emoyeni, kwaholela ekwakhekeni ukugeleza pyroclastic 900 amamitha. Muhle ijubane isitimela express ishayisane yeSumatra, ngokuletha ukufa kubantu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.

Kodwa akuphelelanga lapho. Okuseceleni okubukhali yamadwala wawela phansi ngesikhathi km 500 kusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona, futhi umlotha wentaba-mlilo kuxazululwe phezu empumalanga kwe-Indian Ocean. Isendlalelo ngothuli rose ngisho izingqimba rarefied we mesosphere ezingeni ukuphakama km 70. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi amandla ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu izikhathi 10,000 ephakeme kunaleyo isiteleka ibhomu le-athomu eHiroshima. Igagasi ukushaqeka esabalala izikhathi eziningana wonke. Giant,-30 m, le tsunami yakhukhula amadolobha mayelana 300 nasemizaneni, kwashona abantu abangu-36.000. Lokhu-tsunami kunalokho buthaka ifomu, kwakungekho ngisho Atlantic coast yeFrance! Intaba-mlilo Krakatoa uqobo kwawa inkundla, futhi wangena phansi emanzini.

Ingabe singasho ukuthi lena wonke? Ngo-1927, intabamlilo zenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye ngaphezu kwamanzi olwandle yabonisa ukuphakama kancane 9 amamitha, beyizidalwa eziphakeme kunazo. Ingane okuthiwa Krakatoa intabamlilo, Anak (Ingane ka Krakatoa). Kodwa leli zinyane liye landa ngokukhulu ukushesha. It wabhubhisa olwandle, Nokho, wathola yena ezingasho isikhala ephilayo. Ngo-1930, kwase kuqhuma eliwumhlaba lava notshwala futhi wasisekela ezindongeni esiqhingini entsha, abenze amelana ocean ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Ngo-1933, yena afinyelela ukuphakama 67 m, futhi ngo-1950 -. 138 m kolwandle bese ephethwe okwesikhashana ukudlondlobala futhi ufiphaze isiqhingi.

Kodwa intabamlilo Krakatau akazange adikibale: ngo-1960 futhi lesi siqhingi entsha esasivele phezu kwamanzi kuya ku-30 metres ngo-1968 ukuphakama Its 160 amamitha kakade manje ukhula ngesilinganiso 13 amasentimitha ngesonto ... endaweni yayo namanje kude lowo odlule, kodwa intabamlilo isivele eduze ke - 813 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Kusukela ngo-1994, Anak Krakatau, uye futhi imizwelo yabo iguquguquke. Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ezincane zenzeka cishe masonto onke. Okubaluleke kakhulu lezi yaqalwa ngo-2008 yaphela ngo-2009. Esiqhingini abatshalwé kuphela mlilo. Uhulumeni Indonesian uvinjelwe izakhamuzi axazulule amakhilomitha eduze kuka ezintathu kusuka ezintabeni yingozi.