Uhlamvu lwemali ezibizayo kakhulu ERussia yasendulo

kuphakama Njalo isimo kule planethi kunoma yiziphi nezikhathi zomlando, kwathi ekugcineni okwakudingeka ezingaphezu kuka ngempahla. Ukwandisa ukukhula ukuhweba futhi ukuvela emadolobheni amakhulu ophoqelelwe kubabusi noma umphakathi ukuthola indlela kokuhlaziywa umkhiqizo. kwakhiwa Ngakho ubudlelwano lezimpahla-imali.

Izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi sidilizwa Rus yavela kuyi Kiev ubukhulu esikhathini lapho isimo osemusha uye wazizwa isidingo zokuphila.

Imali Kievan Rus ukuze ayenza lezi zabo

Ngaphambi izizwe Slavic sasimunye zibe munye isimo omkhulu - Kievan Rus, ne more umlando waleli zwe lasendulo amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, futhi waqamba imali obekumele kubo ukudayisa nomunye.

Lezi zinhlamvu endala yeRussia, etholakale kwi-Insimu ubukhulu Kiev, idethi kusukela 1-3 eminyaka th AD. e. zinjalo udenariyu wamaRoma. zobuciko okunjalo kutholakala endaweni wemizi yasendulo, kodwa wasebenzisa zona ukuze ukhokhele lwamaSlav esendlini noma izinto zokuhloba kuze alwaziwa. Kusukela ubudlelwane ukuhweba inter-tribal babe exchange uhlamvu okukhulu, inzuzo yangempela udenariyu kule ndawo engakaze wafunda.

Ngakho, i-lwemali ERussia yasendulo Kuna - umqondo osebenza ku zemihla ngemihla lasendulo njengoba imali Roman, zaseByzantium Arab, futhi kuya noboya of Martens, okuyinto avame ukusetshenziswa ukukhokhela izimpahla. Fur nesikhumba isikhathi eside kwaba isihloko ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali endaweni emazweni amaningi.

imali siqu e Kievan Rus 'waqala ukuba kubalwa kuze ngasekupheleni kwekhulu 10th.

Izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi Kievan Rus

Cishe izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala ERussia yasendulo, etholakala kwi Insimu ubukhulu Kiev, isikhulu kwadingeka isithombe ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti Trident noma izingalo enamazinyo amabili - ngakolunye. Zazenziwe ngegolide nangesiliva, + ngakho ngekhulu le-19 lapho kutadishwa zemali lasendulo kanye nencazelo yabo emibhalweni yaminyaka banikezwa igama "zlatniki" futhi "izinhlamvu zesiliva ezingamashumi".

Isithombe se-Prince uVladimir zemali ezivela 980 for 1015 kwaba eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "uVladimir sobukhosi, nesiliva yakhe." Ngemuva uvezwa kuwuphawu Rurik, okuyinto okushintshiwe kuye owayebusa.

Bokuqala zesiliva Russia lasendulo, futhi zisebenza kubo igama "UAH" babe etymologies yabo. Ekuqaleni leli gama lalisho le bullion esiliva, ilingana izindleko ihhashi elilodwa (mane). isigaba "Hryvnia esiliva" kukhulunywa encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla leyo minyaka. Kamuva, lapho igagasi zemali lokhu metal, laqala ukusetshenziswa zivumelana inani imali yamaphepha.

Ngaphansi uVladimir Omkhulu zlatniki kubalwa ababenolwazi isisindo ~ 4.4 g futhi zesiliva, isisindo okuyinto ahluka 1.7 kuya 4,68 amagremu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha imali engamaphepha zasakazeka futhi ukubaluleka lezimpahla e Kievan Rus ', nazo asikhiphele ngaphandle izibalo ekuhwebeni. Wegoldi Russia lasendulo sisetshenziswe kuphela lapho Prince uVladimir, ngenkathi abalandeli bakhe esetshenziswa ukwenza kuphela esiliva.

Isithombe obverse Kwesimo ePrince uVladimir, kube yibo - uphawu okuqondene Rurik lwamakhosi kwaba bemvelo zezombusazwe, njengoba ikhombisa izikhonzi yamuva United States igunya APC.

Yemaphepha Russia 11-13 eminyaka

Ngemva kokufa uVladimir zemali Russia lasendulo aqhubeka Mint indodana yakhe Yaroslav (Prince of Novgorod), eyaziwa emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama Hlakaniphile.

Njengoba-Orthodox liye zasakazekela ubukhulu Kiev, oku imali yamaphepha uJaroslav isithombe njengamanje akuwona ngumholi, Saint George, okuyinto kubhekwa uJehova abavikela sakhe. On the reverse of the uhlamvu lwemali kwakuseyimpi Trident futhi umbhalo oqoshwe ukuthi srebro Yaroslav. Ngemva eqala ukubusa e Kiev, ayenza lezi zaphela, hryvnia isibe esiliva idayimane iphethini.

Lezi zinhlamvu lokugcina ERussia yasendulo (isithombe ngezansi - Oleg Svyatoslavich imali) - kungcono imali yamaphepha 1083-1094, njengoba isikhathi alandelayo umlando ngalesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi coinless. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuqhuba ukubala esiliva hryvnia, okuyinto empeleni ingot.

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana-hryvnia, owawungumnyaka umehluko oyinhloko esime nesisindo. Ngakho, Kiev Hryvnia has ngesimo cheroots rhombus, isisindo okuyinto zazilingana ~ 160 g Phakathi chernigovskaya futhi kwaba (rhombus ifomu elifanele enesisindo ~ 195 g), iVolga (ibha flat 200), isi-Lithuanian (ibha ohlehliswe) futhi Novgorod (ibha bushelelezi enesisindo 200) hryvnia.

Uhlamvu lwemali ezincane kunazo zonke eRussia lasendulo yayingesinye namanje ongumLungu, kusukela esiliva ayishintshi imali. Ezikhathini ubukhulu of Kiev imali angaphandle kwadingeka igama labo - Kuna, nogata, Vaxjo - futhi yayibaluleke ubuso babo. Ngakho, ngo-11-12 eminyaka 1 Hryvnia akhiwa 20 nogata Coon noma 25, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 - 100 50 Växjö noma Coon. Lokhu kungenxa nokukhula ngokushesha kokubili Kievan Rus, kanye nobudlelwane bayo izindlela zokuhwebelana namanye amazwe.

Kukhona umbono ososayensi ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali kulencane kubhekwe marten befuna isikhumba - Coon futhi squirrel - Växjö. Omunye isikhumba ilingana amabili nanhlanu noma okwesihlanu we hryvnia, kodwa kusukela inkokhelo noboya ngekhulu le-12 liye laba esiphelelwe isikhathi, njengoba nensimbi waqala nokujaha kun.

Ukuvela of the ruble

Kusukela ngekhulu le-12 Kievan Rus ayesekhona ziqala ukuvela "oqoshiwe" imali ukuthi lenziwa hryvnia esiliva. Kwakuyisikhathi induku esiliva, ezazihlanganisa 4 "oqoshiwe" izingxenye. Ingxenye ngayinye ine namantombazane ukuthi ukhombise isisindo futhi ngenxa yalokho izindleko.

Njalo ruble ingahlukaniselwa halves ezimbili, khona-ke babizwa ngokuthi "poltinas". Kusukela ngekhulu le-13, zonke hryvnia kancane kancane bangenwa igama "ruble", futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-14 baqala zibonisa isitembu nabathakathi, izikhulu amagama kanye nezimpawu ezahlukene.

Izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi Rus sidilizwa yasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukukhokhela izimpahla, kodwa futhi ukuba ngikhokhe inhlawulo engcebeni kokwesikhulu. Ngakho, mayelana nezinsolo zokubulala isakhamuzi khulula wayenguKristu ngesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuhlukanisa isijeziso - "Vira", okungase abiza 5 hryvnia smerd ngayinye futhi kuze kufinyelele 80 hryvnia indoda elunge. Ukuze ukucwiya enkantolo eziphoqelelwe umusho poluvire. "Poklepna" - isijeziso ngokudicilela phansi isithunzi sakhe - zazilingana 12 UAH.

Ukukhokhwa kwezintela e yengcebo isikhulu wabiza 'ukukhothama', futhi umthetho, wanyathelisa Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile - 'ukukhothama kweqiniso ", okubonisa usayizi inkokhiso ekhokhwa umphakathi ngamunye.

Izinhlamvu zemali ubukhulu eMoscow

"Coinless" isikhathi wagijima phakathi Kievan Rus kwekhulu le-14, lapho esanda waqala zemali minting, eyaziwa ngokuthi "imali". Ngokuvamile, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukwakhiwa zesiliva iGolden zidlamlilo, okuyinto beat izinhlamvu Russian. Manufactured zemali encane babizwa ngokuthi "poludengi" futhi "chetverettsy", nethusi - amachibi.

Ngalesi sikhathi amanothi yebhange kwadingeka eqashelwayo elibonakalayo, kuyilapho ekhiqizwa kusuka 1420 Novgorod imali isivele hlanu kwalo. Bona ezazenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 ingashintshiwe - okudweba nombhalo othi "The Great Novgorod".

Kusukela 1425 kwakukhona "imali Pskov," kodwa uhlelo esinobunye imali sekukhona kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, lapho 2 izinhlobo zemali athathwa - eMoscow Novgorod. Yaba ngesisekelo ruble okuzisholo, ogama value zazilingana 100 200 Novgorod futhi eMoscow imali. The main iyunithi malini isisindo namanje kubhekwa Hryvnia esiliva (204.7 g), kusuka lapho yabalingisi zemali ruble 2.6.

kusukela 1530 kuphela ithole yokugcina 1 ruble par value, esetshenziselwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Kuyinto 100 penny poltina - 50, kanye ne-torque engu - 10 amapeni. Imali kencanikhulu - Altyn - wayelingana 3 kopecks, 1 penny kuzomele lilinganiselwe 4 nesenti.

Rouble olwenziwa eMoscow, futhi imadlana - eNovgorod futhi Pskov. Phakathi nokubusa owokugcina uhlobo Rurik, fedor, naye waqala Mint penny eMoscow. Izinhlamvu zemali uthenge isisindo esifanayo nesithombe, esikisela ukwamukelwa lwemali ohlelweni olulodwa.

Ngezikhathi Polish futhi Swedish umsebenzi imali futhi walahlekelwa olulodwa lwento ephilayo, kodwa ngemva ngesimemezelo 1613 yenkosi we Romanov lwamakhosi zemali ngiye ngazuza ukubukeka okufanayo ngomfanekiso wakhe. Kusukela ekupheleni 1627 eMoscow Mint iyona kuphela kuleli zwe.

Izinhlamvu zemali nezinye principalities

Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene ubukhulu Russian kubalwa nemali. Ukukhiqizwa kabanzi kunazo zemali wathola emva Dmitry Donskoy wenza imali yakhe yokuqala, lapho wayechazwa iqhawe ngenkemba ngehhashi. Babedalelwene kwentonga ka esihle esiliva, eye ngaphambilini isicaba. Masters wasebenzisa ithuluzi ekhethekile ngesithombe lelungiselelwe - hlola, kusukela umthelela okuyinto zesiliva banikwa okufanayo usayizi, isisindo kanye nomklamo.

Ngokushesha saber at umgibeli isishintshanisiwe ngomkhonto, futhi yini ngohlamvu lwemali ebizwa ngoba lokhu kwaba "ngisho nesenti. '

Kulandele Donskoi principalities abaningi baqala kwenziwe izinhlamvu zabo, esibonisa ukubazisa izikhulu elibusayo. Ngenxa yalokhu yokungezwani yaphenduka value ngokulinganisa of imali, okuyinto okunzima kakhulu yokwenza ibhizinisi, ngakho nokujaha kwenye indawo, kodwa ezweni lonkana kwakukhona uhlelo olulodwa yemali wawuvinjelwe ngaphandle eMoscow.

Resana

Ngaphandle lonke uhlamvu lwemali okuzenzela yayikhona eRussia lasendulo, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "usike". Wawungaqhubeka uhamba, ukusika Dirham Abbasid sompristi. Inani okuzisholo of "ukunquma" ilingana 1/20 we hryvnia, kanye nokusakazwa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-12. Ukunyamalala uhlamvu lwemali nge isikhala Kievan Rus ngenxa yokuthi sompristi isidlulile ukuba dirhams kubalwa, futhi "usike" salandelwa kunoy.

Russia zemali kwekhulu le-17

Kusukela ngo-1654 iningi imali kwadingeka ruble poltina, polupoltina futhi hit jackpot. Izinhlamvu ezincane Sasingekho isidingo.

Ruble ngalezo zinsuku zazenziwe isiliva, poltinas kokuba ukufana nabo, ngoba ukungezwani kwawo kubalwa kuzo ithusi. Polupoltiny babengabaprofethi isiliva amapeni - zethusi.

Ngalokhu izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuholele isimemezelo sasebukhosini esithinta ukuba athi zethusi ushintsho Inani esiliva, ngenxa nalokho okuhlumayo imikhiqizo futhi waqala nezibhelu. ukuvukela Omkhulu ngo-1662 eMoscow, ngokuthi "ukuvukela zethusi" okwaholela yokuthi lo mthetho ochithiwe futhi minting ka zesiliva walulama.

Petru 1 Reform

Ngokokuqala ngqá izinguquko zangempela yemali kwenziwa Petru 1 ngo 1700. Ngenxa wakhe Mint waqala minting ruble esiliva, isigamu ruble, polupoltin Altyn, hryvnia nethusi amasenti. Igolide ducats wenza. Kubo zazenziwe ngegolide nxazonke amalunga, eyayibonakala imali by embossing kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe nemifanekiso.

Kwakukhona elula (w - 3,4 g) kanye chervontsi double (6.8g esibonisa Petru 1 kwi obverse futhi reverse okhozi). Futhi ngo 1718 kwafika uhlamvu lokuqala ngesithombe yenani ubuso - dvuhrublevik.

Cishe enjalo, lezi amahlelo ukuba yaba khona ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20.

Izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi Kievan Rus 'manje

Namuhla, kunamabandla:

• zlatniki uVladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimira - ezingaphezu kuka-250;
• Serebrenikov Svyatopolka - mayelana 50;
• Serebrenikov Yaroslava Mudrogo - 7.

Uhlamvu lwemali eqolo Russia lasendulo - Vladimir zlatniki (ngaphezu kuka-100 000 $) futhi lezo zinhlamvu zesiliva Yaroslava Mudrogo (60 000 $).

Numismatics

Isayensi ukuthi study zemali, ngokuthi Numismatics. Ngenxa wakhe, abaqoqi lingabizwa ukuhlola ukubaluleka zomlando kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali imali. Uhlamvu lwemali eziyivelakancane ka Kievan Rus umbukiso iminyuziyamu zomlando, lapho izivakashi ungafunda umlando ayenza lezi kanye zamanje ngemali yasemakethe.