Amaminithi aseRussia

Amaminithi amabhizinisi ohlobo lokukhiqiza ogama lakhe eliyinhloko lebhizinisi liyizindleko zemali, ukukhiqizwa kwama-oda, izindondo nezinye izimpawu ezihlukile. Umlando wamabhizinisi ubuyela emuva esidlule, ngesikhathi sokubonakala kwezimali zokuqala zemali. Namuhla, i-mints yizinkampani eziphezulu zezobuchwepheshe ezikhipha izinhlamvu zemali ngesicelo se- State Banks. Bonke abakhiqizi basebenze ngemodi eqondile.

Izinhlobo zamaminithi kanye nomlando omncane

Amaminithi angaba umphakathi, okufeza imiyalo yeBhange Elikhulu. Kunezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele ezikhethekile ngokukhishwa kwama-oda nemidali, amabheji namapuleti elayisense. Ngolunye uhlobo lwebhizinisi, ukutholakala kohlobo lwawo oluyingqayizivele, olusetshenziselwa zonke izinhlamvu zemali, lufakiwe. Ukusebenza kwezimali zemali kahulumeni kanye nomhlaba kunqunywe ngokuqondile ngosizo lwezinhlamba. Ngokokuqala ngqa ukukhulunywa kwalesi sigaba sokukhiqiza kusukela ngekhulu le-5 BC. Amaminithi okuqala avele e-Athene. Kusukela ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka BC, ukukhiqizwa kwakudluliselwa ethempelini laseTheusa ukuya ethempelini laseJuno. Sekudlule iminyaka engu-115 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, igceke laliyi-Coliseum yaseRoma. Ngemva kokuvela kokukhiqizwa eRoma, eLyon, eConstantinople, eSicily nase-Aquile, zisakazeka emhlabeni wonke.

Amagceke okuqala eRussia: ukucabanga kwamabhishobhi

Kuyinkinga kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi i-mint yayiphambilini. Isithombe ngaleso sikhathi asikwenziwanga, ukudweba izithombe akulondoloziwe. Kukhona ukuqagela kuphela nokuqagela. Kukhona amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi amabhizinisi adluliselwa kubantu abazimele, okwenziwa imisebenzi yabo kamuva. Abantu abanamali zemali babekhokhiswa intela nemisebenzi. Babenemalungelo ngokuvinjelwa kokushushiswa ngazo zonke izenzo, ngaphandle kokubulala, ukuphanga nokukhwabanisa. Amarekhodi omlando abonisa ukuthi amaminithi okuqala emkhakheni weRussia wanamuhla esikhathini esidlule asebenza emadolobheni aseGrisi ngaleso sikhathi njengeTheodosius neGorgippia, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Anapa. Imikhuba yokukhiqiza okunjalo yabonakala eDerbent naseTmutarakan.

Ijadi lokuqala ensimini yaseMoscow: inkolelo nokuqagela

Imali ehleliwe eMoscow, ngokwezibalo zokuqala kanye nezifundo, yaqala ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan Donskoy (1362-1389 gg.). Alukho ulwazi ngalolu jaba nendawo yalo alukho kumanothi omlando, iqiniso lokuthi kukhona khona lalisungulwa, kuphela kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwemali yaleso sikhathi. Imali yokuqala yaseMoscow yayihlotshiswe imibhalo yaseRashiya neyesi-Arabhu, kuzo zonke izibopho zesitembu zobuchwepheshe ezaziphethwe.

Okushiwo emlandweni

Amaminithi aseRussia, okukhona kuwo okuqoshiwe ngokusemthethweni, asekelwe ezinsukwini eziyi-14-15. Ngaleso sikhathi, leli zwe laliholwa nguJohn III. Izindleko azikwenziwa eMoscow kuphela, kodwa nasemadolobheni anjengoPhukov, uNogorgorod noTver. Esikhathini sezinkulungwane eziyi-16 kuya kwele-17, imali eyabelwa imali yayinikezwe ama-minceysters. Lo mkhuba wawuvamile eYurophu. Kukhona futhi imibiko ukuthi ngekhulu le-15 hhayi kuphela amabhizinisi wombuso asebenza eMoscow, kodwa futhi nezitolo zemali zezikhulu ngabanye baseKalita. Inkantolo yokuqala eqoshiwe "inkosi" yabonakala ngemva kokuguqulwa kokuqala kwezimali kuka- Elena Glinskaya esikhathini esukela ngo-1535 kuya ku-1538. Ibhizinisi lalikhona kuVarvarka Street. Lesi senzakalo kwakuyisiqalo sokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu yezimali yaseRussia. Amagceke aseRussia asetshenziswe kakade emakhulwini eminyaka edlule akhipha isifenqo ngesisindo nokubhaliswa kwangaphandle kwemali, okwakuyisibopho sokwamukelwa kuyo yonke indawo yombuso waseRussia. I-embossing yaqhutshwa ngesandla, futhi izinto zokukhiqiza kwakuyi-wire yesiliva. Intambo ekuqaleni yayiqotshelwe ezingxenyeni ezifanayo zesayizi, bese icindezela. Khona-ke waqala ibhukwana lokubamba izithombe kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe ngezandla ezibushelelezi.

Ukuqala komnotho wemali

Ngo-1595, umnyango wakhiwa ngaphansi kwegama leMali Yezimali. Inhlangano ibonise ukulawula ukukhokha imali egameni lombuso. Lesi sinyathelo saba yisisekelo sokwenza konke okusemqoka komnotho wemali. Wonke amagceke, ngaleso sikhathi ayesebenza ensimini yezwe, athola izikhundla ezisemthethweni, okwakufanele babhale imikhiqizo yabo.

• Inkantolo yaseMoscow iwukuthi "M" noma "MO".
• Inkantolo yaseNovgorod - "V. BUT ".
• I-Pskov yard - "PS".

Izinhlamvu zemali zaseRussia ezineminyaka engama-15-20 eminyaka

Impendulo yombuzo wendlela yokunquma isisindo yenziwa lula emva kokuba ibhizinisi ngalinye libe nomlando walo. Ungakhuluma ngezimboni ezilandelayo ezanikele ekukhokheni kwemali:

• Igceke elibomvu, noma isiShayina. Itholakala eduze neKitaygorod Wall. Ezingenayo futhi ezihlanekezelayo zemali zafakwa izimpawu "KD", "MMD", "MM". Ukukhiqizwa kwaqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-1697 kuya ku-1979. Igceke laveza imali yegolide, isiliva nethusi yohlobo lwesizwe ngamahlelo ahlukene. Izinhlamvu zemali ezenziwe futhi ezikhethekile. I-Mint yenza ukukhishwa kwezimali ezifundazweni zaseBaltic nasePrussia.
• IKadashevsky egcekeni iKadashevskaya Sloboda. Wayebizwa nangokuthi uKhamovny, Zamoskvoretsky, Naval and Admiralty. Ngokweqile futhi okuphambene nalokho, izimpawu "MM" kanye "MD", "MDZ" kanye "MDD", "M" kanye "noMoscow", "Yakha imali yendawo." Ukukhiqizwa kwasebenza kusukela ngo-1701 kuya ku-1736. Kwakukhishwa izinhlamvu zegolide, izethusi nezesiliva zamasonto ahlukene. Izinhlamvu zempephu zakhiwe emnyangweni wokukhiqiza okukhethekile kusukela ngo-1704.
• I-Quay egcekeni lesigxobo e-Kremlin. Ezimalini izimpawu ezinjengokuthi "ND" kanye "NDZ", "NDM" zenziwe. Wasebenza kusukela ngo-1699 kuya ku-1727, wakhipha izinhlamvu zemali yazo zonke izinkolo.
• I-St. Petersburg, noma i-Imperial, isinhlamvu yasungulwa ensimini kaPeter noPaul Fortress ngo-1724. Izimpawu zemali ziyi-SPB ne-SPM, SP ne-CM. Wasebenza kuze kukhishwe ukukhishwa kwemali nguhulumeni we-tsarist. Wabamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kabusha kwemali ye-bronze.
• IYekaterinburg yard yenza izinhlamvu zemali ngegama elithi "EM" ne "Yekaterinburg". Wasebenza kule nkathi kusukela ngo-1727 kuya ku-1876. Ukukhishwa kwezimali zemali kwafakwa ngokukhiqizwa kwamakagu kwezinye izinto.

Kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngamabhizinisi anjenge-Imperial Mint no-Anninsky (AM), Kolyvan (KM noKolyvan ithusi) noSuzunsky (SM) uSestrovetsky (SM) noKolpinsky (KM) I-Taurian ("TM") neTiflis, i-Warsaw ("VM", "MW") ne-Helsingfors.

Yenza lokho akuzange isebenzise izinhlamvu zabo

Isimpawu sobunqunu sasivunyelwe ukunquma ukuthi nini futhi nini imali yenkolo ethile ekhishwe. Kodwa-ke, emlandweni waseRussia, amagceke asatshalaliswe kabanzi ukuthi awazange asebenzise izinhlamvu zawo, kodwa wagxila amanye amabhizinisi ezimayini zemali. Leli yindawo yaseBhange kanye nesitshalo seRosencrantz, inkantolo yaseParis naseStrasbourg, eBirmingham naseYizhorsky, egcekeni laseBrussels naseAvesta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amancane, njengeKrasny noma ePetersburg, angasebenzisa inhlonipho yeKadashevsky neNational Naberezhnyi Copper Court nezinye izinhlangano ezifanayo emsebenzini wabo, okwakunzima kakhulu umsebenzi wezazi-mlando.

Ukukhokha ku-RSFSR nase-USSR

Esikhathini se-RSFSR, ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi i-mint eyakhiqiza imali, yasiza amagama:

• "AG" - lezi yiziqalo zikaHartmann, owayengaleso sikhathi eyinhloko yokuhlelwa kabusha kwezimali kuze kube ngu-1923.
• "PL" - ama-initials aseLatyshev, isikhulu kusukela ngo-1924.
• "TR" - iziqalo zikaThomas Ross, oyinhloko yokwabiwa kwemali kweNkantolo yaseLondon.

Isibonakaliso se-mint ngesikhathi se-USSR sinezinhlobo ezimbili:

• "LMD" noma "L" - i-Leningrad Mint.
• "MMD" noma "M" - i-Mint yaseMoscow.

Isibonakaliso esinjalo senze futhi siwuhlobo lwentengo yemali engumkhiqizo othile. Uphawu lungaba uhlobo lwezinhlamvu, futhi lungathunyelwa ku-monogram, isibalo noma ifomathi yesignesha.

Russia yanamuhla

EmaRussia anamuhla, lezi zinhlamvu ezilandelayo zingatholakala ezinhlamvu zemali: "MMD" ne "SPMD" - ezikhuluma ngokukhululwa kwazo eMoscow noma eSt. Petersburg Mint. Kusukela ngo-1991 ngemali yamukelwa ukufaka izimpawu ezifana ne- "M", "L", "MMD" ne "LMD". Kusukela ngo-1997 - lokhu "M", "SP" kanye "MMD", "SPMD". Izimpawu ezimbili zokugcina zisetshenziselwa imali ngesimo se-monogram. Izinhlamvu zemali zaseRussia, kusukela ngo-1997, zihlotshiswe ngemibhalo eqoshiwe ethi "M", "SP", "MMD" ne "SPMD" kwifomethi ye-monogram. Ngezinhlamvu zemali ezincane ezinama-kopecks angu-1, 5, 10 no-50 isibonakaliso singabonakala ngakwesokudla ngaphansi kwenselo. Izimpawu "M" nethi "S-P" ngezinhlamvu zemali ezinenani lobubuso be-1, 2 no-ruble ama-5 zitholakala ngaphansi kwesokudla se-ukhozi. I-monogram "i-SPMD" ingabonakala emasimini aseBrooklyn okugubha iminyaka engu-20 nge-value ebusweni yama-ruble angu-10. Itholakale engenhla, ngaphansi kwesibhaliso "ama-ruble angu-10".

Yeka ukuthi izinhlamvu zemali zenziwa kanjani ngo-2015

Kusukela ngo-1992 iCentral Bank yaseRussia ibilokhu ikhiphe izinhlamvu zemali eziyisikhumbuzo zombili eziyigugu nezingafaneleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwezimali zemali yokutshala izimali, ezakhiwe ngokuphelele ezintweni eziyigugu, kwenziwa ngokuhlelekile. Ngakho-ke, njengangaphambili, kuzo zonke zazo isibonakaliso sesinhlamvu sibeka. Inqubo yemali eyenziwa yenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lomsebenzi omkhulu wokukhishwa futhi uhlelwe wonke unyaka owedlule. Uhlelo lokukhishwa kwemali luvunyiwe yiboholi beBhange Elikhulu bese libekelwe kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yalezi zinsuku. Imali ngayinye yeqoqo ikhishwa noma eMoscow noma eSt. Petersburg Mints. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukucinga impendulo yombuzo wokuthi ungayinquma kanjani i-mint. Izinhlamvu zemali zihlotshiswe ngezibonakaliso ezikhethekile, okwamanje inani eliphelele 4. Ibhange eliphakathi lezwe alikho ilungelo lokusabalalisa izinhlamvu zemali zokuqoqa phakathi kwabantu. Umsakazo omkhulu nguSberbank. Izinhlamvu zemali ekuqaleni zithengwa emgodini wokuqala ngabacwaningi, kamuva abazithengisa ngentengo ehlisiwe.

Izinhlelo Zikahulumeni zika-2015

Ngokuhambisana nesiteleka sokuphuma, ngo-2015, izinhlobo ezimbili zemali ebhange yokutshala izimali zizogxila. Phakathi nonyaka, izinhlamvu zemali ezigugu eziyisikhumbuzo ezingu-73 kanye nezinhlamvu zemali ezingu-12 eziyisikhumbuzo ezenziwe nge-base metal zizokhiqizwa. Esikhathini esizayo, kufanelekile ukuqhubeka nokukhululwa kochungechunge olwethulwa ekuqaleni: "Amadolobha Okudumisa Ngamadolobha" kanye "nabantu abavelele baseRussia". Uhlamvu lwemali olubiza kakhulu emlandweni wezwe lwakhiwe ngo-1999 futhi lunenani lobuso lama-kopecks angu-5. Izindleko zaso azikho, kodwa kakhulu kudlula inani lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 emasendeni avuliwe. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zemali zithandwa kakhulu yi-numismatists.