Ukubeka i- "Grad": izici, izindleko kanye nobubanzi bomonakalo. Uhlelo lwe-grad lomlilo we-volley lusebenza kanjani?

Njengamanje, ezihlokweni zezihloko kanye nemibiko yezindaba zethelevishini mayelana nokulwa eMpumalanga Ukraine, umuntu angazwa igama lalezi zikhali zempi njenge-Grad installation. Uhlelo lomlilo lwe-volley luyamangalisa. Ububanzi bendiza ye-missile engamakhilomitha angu-20 kunikezwa amashubhu amane omlilo ahlanjwe kahle ngokusekelwe kwilori le-wheel drive "Ural-375D". Kuze kube manje, le nhlelo yeselula isebenza emazweni angaphezu kwangu-50. Futhi kusukela ngo-1963 wayesenkonzweni yokusebenza eSoviet, futhi manje usemasosha aseRussia.

Isizinda semlando

Umqondo wokwakha isakhiwo se-salvo-fire ne-flight range engaphezu kuka-20 km kungokwenjiniyela weSoviet futhi waqala phakathi nawo-1950. Ukufakwa kwezempi "Grad" kwenzelwe ukufaka esikhundleni se-BM-14 system. Umcabango wawuwukubeka izikhali zokugqoka ezigxilwe ngamaketethi e-chassis ye-lorry ekwazi ukunqoba kalula indawo enzima.

Ngo-1957, i-Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU) yanikezela umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe eSverdlovsk Design Bureau ukuthuthukisa imoto yokulwa. Kwakudingeka ukuklama umshini okwazi ukubeka iziqondiso ezingu-30 ze-projectiles ezisekelwe phansi. Umgomo wawufinyeleleke ekuqedeni i-rocket - ukudalulwa komsila onamahlombe oboshwe ohlangothini lwe-cylindrical.

Umthuthukisi we-projectile ngu-NII-147, ophakamise ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bokukhiqiza isikhwama njengendlela yokudweba okushisayo. Ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-AN Ganichev kanye nokusekelwa kweKomiti Yombuso Yezobuchwepheshe Bezokuvikela, umsebenzi wawuqale ekuthuthukiseni i-missile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-warhead ye-projectile kwanikezwa i-GSKB-47, kanye nenkokhelo yenjini ye-injini e-NII-6. I-NII-147 yenzelwe i-projectile enokuxuba okuxutshwe: umsila nomsila ukujikeleza.

Ukuhlola

Ngo-1960, ukuhlolwa komlilo kwenziwa ngezinjini ze-rocket . Ngaphakathi kwesitshalo, kwenziwa ukushiswa kuka-53 kanye no-81 - njengokuhlolwa ezingeni likahulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-polygon kwenziwa ngo-Mashi 1962 ngaseLeningrad. I-GRAU inikeze izimoto ezimbili zokulwa kanye namakhemikethi ayizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane. Emgwaqweni ohleliwe wezinkulungwane ezingu-10 000, imoto yokuhlolwa ngaphandle kokuphumula idlule ngamamitha angu-3380 kuphela. Ukulimala kwaqedwa ngokuqinisa i-axle yangemuva ye-chassis. Lokhu kwandisa ukuzinza komshini lapho kudubula.

Ngemuva kokuqeda ukwehluleka komklamo, uMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe wanquma ukufakwa kweGrey in service ngo-1963, izici zazo ezaboniswa Khrushchev ngonyaka ofanayo.

NgoJanuwari ngonyaka olandelayo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-BM-21 kwaqala ukusebenza. Ngonyaka owodwa ka-1964, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwezempi kaNovemba, ukufakwa kokuqala kwaboniswa kubantu. Kusukela ngo-1971, ukukhishwa kwe-rocket launchers kwaqala, futhi umthamo wayo wawuyizimoto ezingu-124, kodwa ngo-1995 inani lamaGrade athengiswa emazweni angu-50 emhlabeni wonke laliyizinkulungwane ezimbili.

Ukwakhiwa

Ukulwa okuyingqayizivele kwezici zobuciko bokufakwa kwe-Grad kufezwe ngenxa yendlela yokwakha eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa:

• Isiqalisi;
• Umshini wokulayisha ezokuthutha okusekelwe ku-ZIL-131;
• Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo.

Ama-projectile angabonakali (122 mm ububanzi) alayishwa engxenyeni yezinqola, emele ngamamitha angu-40 ngamamitha amathathu ngamunye ngesisekelo sokuhamba. Isiqondiso singenziwa ngendiza eqondile neqondile ngokushayela kagesi noma ngesandla. Ububanzi bezingalo zokudubula okuhamba phambili ngu-102 ^о ngakwesobunxele emotweni kanye no-70 kuya kwesokudla; Ngama-mpo - kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-55 ^о .

Umzila wesigxobo uhlonywe ngesisindo se-screw, okuyinto, uma i-projectile isunguliwe, inikeza lo mlando ukunyakaza okujikelezayo.

Ijubane lemoto liyi-75 km / h, futhi kungenzeka ukuhambisa ngamagobolondo alayishiwe. Imoto inesimiso sokumisa, esiqeda ukusetshenziswa kwe-jack ukwesekwa lapho kudubula. Emva kwe-volley ungashiya ngokushesha isikhundla, ukuze ungabuyeli emuva. Ukulungiswa kokudubula kwenziwa kumshini wokulawula ohlukile, okuyingxenye yebhethri.

Njengoba ehlukumezile ukuklama kwemoto yokulwa, umuntu angaqonda ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-Grad kusebenza kanjani.

Ukuhloswa okucacile kwesikhali ekuhlosweni kuyatholakala ngenxa yokubona amadivayisi: ama-panorama e-Hertz, ama-mechanical sight kanye ne-collimator K-1, okwandisa izinga lokulimala ezimweni zokubonakala okunganele.

I-projectile yokuqala

Igobolondo lomsindo ongahlanjululwa, olusetshenziselwa izikhali zemikhumbi yomlilo we-salvo, liqukethe izingxenye ezingu-3: ukulwa, injini nokusimamisa. Iyunithi yokulwa igobolondo ene-detonator kanye necala lokukhwabanisa. Injini ye-jet inombhobho, ikamelo, i-igniter kanye ne-powder. Ukuze ushise ukushisa, okuzokwenza kusebenze ukukhokhiswa kwe-powder, sebenzisa i-pyroclutrons noma i-electro soles. Isifunda kagesi sivaliwe kusukela ekudutshulweni, futhi i-igniter igxiliwe esitokisini se-incandescent.

I-9M22 missile yaba yizinhlamvu zokuqala ezixoshwa yi-Grad rocket launcher. Izimpawu ze-projectile:

• Thayipha: ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwe-explosive;
• Ubude - 2.87 m;
• Isisindo - 66 kg;
• Ubude obude bezindiza ngu-20.4 km, ubuncane - 1.6 km;
• Isivinini sendiza siyi-715 m / s;
• Isisindo se-warhead singama-18.4 kg, okuyingxenye yesithathu i-explosive.

Ukutholakala kwezinguquko kwakuyizinto ezintsha zika-Alexander Ganichev. Uhlongoze indlela yokukhiqiza i-projectile, eyayihlanganisa ukudweba isikhwama esivela emafetheni ensimbi, hhayi esigabeni esilula se-cylinder yensimbi, njengangaphambili. Enye impumelelo yomklami oyinhloko we-NII-147 kwakungukudalwa kwe-clamp, ukuvimbela ama-plumage we-projectile nokunikeza amandla okubeka ithuba lokufakwa ebangeni le-rocket.

I-missile ye-9M22 yayinezikhwama zekhanda impumulo ye-MPV-U ne-MRI, engahle ibekwe ezenzweni ezingu-3: okusheshayo, ukunciphisa okuncane nokukhulu. Ngenkathi ilitshe lihlukunyezwe emakhilomitha ambalwa, amasongo okuqoqa asetshenziselwa ukuchithwa, ubukhulu bawo obulingana ngqo nomgama.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-rocket 9M22 kuthuthukise izici zobuchwepheshe zokufaka "Grad". Ukulimala komuntu ophethe umthwalo ogcwele we- "Grad" kufakwa endaweni engaba ngu-1050 m ² , kanye nemishini engaqinisekisiwe - kufika ku-840 m ² .

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-rocket kwakhiwa ngo-1964 e-found-iron iron "Stamp".

Ukwandiswa kwamakhono okulwa

Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-projectile yokuqala yokubhujiswa nokuqothulwa kwamabutho esitha, ukufakwa kweGreydi kwakuhloswe, izici (umzila wengozi) owawulokhu uthuthukiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zegobolondo zenziwa:

• Izinhlamvu ezithuthukile zokuhlukana okuphezulu okuqhumayo 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• Uhlobo lokuhlukana-amakhemikhali - 9M23, olufana nezici zezindiza ze-M22S;
• I-Incendiary - 9M22S;
• I-9M43 eyenza umusi, izinkambo eziyishumi ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukudala isikrini somusi endaweni engamahektha angu-50;
• Kusuka emayini yamagayipi aphikisayo - 9M28K, 3M16;
• Ukuphazamiseka komsakazo - 9M519;
• Nezinto zamakhemikhali ezinobuthi - 9M23.

Amanye amazwe akhiqiza ubunzima ngaphansi kwelayisensi noma ngokungemthetho, aphinde athuthukise izinhlobo ezintsha zamagobolondo.

Ukulawula umlilo

Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo lukuvumela ukuba uvutha umlilo endaweni eyodwa. Umshini we-pyrotechnical we-rocket injini uvela esithombeni se-pulse, esingalawulwa ku-cockpit ye-BM-21 ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi lokusabalalisa noma nge-console yeselula kude kumamitha angu-50.

Umjikelezo we-volley egcwele ehlala njalo imizuzwana engu-20 ine-setting "Grad". Izimpawu eziphathelene nombuso wokushisa zimi kanje: Ukusebenza okungaphazanyiswa kuqinisekiswa ekushiseni kwe--40 ° C kuya ku-50 ° C.

Iqembu labaphathi be-installation liqukethe umlawuli kanye nabasizi abayisihlanu: isibhamu; I-fuse isifaki; I-radiotelephone / ukushaja; Umshayeli wemoto / umthwalo wokulwa nomshayeli womshini wokuthutha / ishaja.

Umshini wokuthutha uklanyelwe ukuthutha amagobolondo, ama-racks amisiwe agcinwe ebhodini lawo.

Ukuzibandakanya

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe idinga umsebenzi oqhubekayo ngezikhathi zamanje zezikhali. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngisho nezikhundla eziqine kakhulu emakethe zingase zilahleke.

I-rocket "Grad" ngo-1986 yenziwe ngcono. Kukhishwe imodeli BM-21-1. Manje isisekelo sezimoto zokulwa sasisebusini lwemoto "Ural". Iphakheji lezinambuzane eziqondisayo ezivikelwe ukuvezwa kwelanga ukuvikela ukushisa. Futhi kwakukhona ithuba lokuqhuba umlilo.

Ngesisekelo sezimoto ze-GAZ-66B, ukufakwa okulula okumele kwenziwe ngamabutho angaphandle - i-BM-21 V yadalwa ngenxa yokunciphisa inani lemibhobho ekhiqiza amabolondo angu-12.

Ngokusekelwe ku-BM-21-1 ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Umsebenzi wenziwa ukukhiqiza imoto elwa ngokuzenzekelayo - 2B17-1. Inzuzo yokufakwa okuthuthukisiwe ukudubula ngesiqondiso ngaphandle kwamadivayisi okuhloswe kanye nezibalo zokuphuma. Okusho ukuthi, izixhumanisi zesitha zazinqunywa uhlelo lokuhamba.

I-Damba (BM-21PD) imoto yokulwa yayihlose ukubhubhisa imikhumbi yamanzi ukuze kuvikelwe umngcele wolwandle. Uhlelo lungasebenza ndawonye ngesiteshi se-hydroacoustic noma ngokuzimela.

I-Complex "Prima", eyakhiwe eminyakeni engu-80, yayinezinkomba ezingu-50, kodwa ngenxa yezimali ezinganeleyo azitholanga ilungelo lokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo.

Iqeqeshwe iMLRS Grad eCzechoslovakia, eBelarus nase-Italy. Inguqulo ye-Ukrainian ye-BM-21 ibekwe ku-chassis ye-KRAA. I-Belarusian "Grad-1A" iyakwazi ukubeka izinqola ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa esikhundleni sodwa. Uhlelo lwe-Italy lokufakwa okusebenzayo (olufingqiwe u-FIROS) alufani nokuthi i-projectiles ifakwe izinjini ezihlukahlukene ze-jet, okwenza ububanzi bokudubula bungalingani.

Ukubalwa kwezempi

Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, umncintiswano wezikhali wawuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo. Yonke impumelelo yesayensi yayihloswe ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezempi. Amanani emikhiqizo yezempi aqala ukukhula ngokushesha nakakhulu kunempi yempi.

Intengo yezikhali zanamuhla nayo iphezulu kakhulu. I-projectile eyodwa ye-rocket "Grad" ibiza ama-dollar ayi-600 kuya ku-1000. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwemoto yokulwa (1963), izindleko ze-missile zazifaniswa nemali yezimoto ezimbili, i- "Volga". Futhi ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu, izindleko ze-missile kwakuyizikhokhisi ezimbili ze-engineer - ama-ruble angu-250 (ulwazi oluvela kwifilimu ethi "Impact Force").

Izindleko zokufaka "Grad" iyimfihlo yokuhweba. Ngokomagazini owodwa waseNgilandi, intengo yomlandeli weGrey is Smerch eyizigidi ezingu-1,8 zamaRandi (ulwazi oluthathwa ku-Phaeton umagazini, u-No. 8, Januwari 1996, ikhasi 117).

Ukufakwa kwe-"Grad" kudubula kanjani?

Isimiso sokudubula esivela ku-BM-21 sifana nendlela yokusebenzisa i- "Katyusha" edumile futhi isekelwe ohlelweni lomlilo we-volley. Ngomnyaka we-1940, i-projectiles yamapulangwe yamapulangwe bekuhlale ephakeme kunezikhali ezibodwa, okwakungenakho ukucacisa nokukhululeka. Abanjiniyela bakwazi ukulinganisa le nsalela ngokusebenzisa imiphongolo eminingana ukuze baqalise imicibisholo.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-volley, ukufakwa kwe-"Grad" esenzweni yisikhali esikwazi ukubhubhisa amahektha angu-30 ensimu yesitha, ikholomu yemishini yezempi, izikhundla zokuqamba i-roketi, ibhethri yodaka, ama-node yokuhlinzeka. Igobolondo elilodwa, elikhishwe yilo moto lokulwa, libulala yonke impilo ngaphakathi kwendawo engamamitha ayi-100.

I-MLRS yokuqala yezwe, ekwazi ukushaya ilitshe lamabanga amade, i-Grad installation. Izakhiwo, indawo yokunqotshwa kwemoto yokulwa Nezinjini zaseSoviet zithuthukisiwe kwaze kwaba yilapho zithola umphumela ngesimo sokuphambuka okukhulu kwe-projectile kusuka ekuhlosweni kwamamitha angu-30. Abakhiqizi bezinye izizwe bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kunemba kungatholakala emkhatsini wamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-10. Kodwa-ke, ingane evela e-USSR ibetha isitha kude no-40 km, imizuzwana engu-20 ikhiqiza ama-shells angu-720, okulingana namathani amabili amabhomu.

Isicelo sezempi

Isivivinyo sokuqala emisebenzini eyinkimbinkimbi ethi "Grad" yayingu-1969, ngesikhathi sokulwa phakathi kwe-PRC ne-USSR. Ukuzama ukwephula isitha nokuxosha amabutho akhe esiqhingini saseDamanskii ngamathangi ahluleka, kanti amaShayina abamba i-T-62 eyalimala, eyisibonelo esiyimfihlo. Ngakho-ke, amagobolondo aphakeme kakhulu avela esiGungwini seGrey, esasichitha isitha futhi eseqedile ukulwa, asetshenziswa.

Eminyakeni ye-1975-1976. Imoto yokulwa yayisetshenziswa e-Angola. Kwakungekho ukusebenza okwezungezile kule mpi, izimpi zazilwa ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwamakholomu ezaza kubo. Ngakho-ke, isici esithi "Grad" siwukuthi "i-ellipse efile" yenziwa endaweni lapho i-projectile iwa khona, ngakho-ke ikholomu lamabutho, eliyi-line elide, empini e-Angola, yaba umgomo omuhle.

E-Afghanistan baxosha umlilo ngokuqondile kusuka eGrey. Empini yaseChechen, futhi imoto yokulwa yayisetshenziselwa ukusebenza.

"Grad" yesikhathi sethu cishe amayunithi angu-2500 asebenzisana nebutho laseRussia. Izimoto zokulwa zithunyelwa kumazwe angu-70, kusukela ngo-1970. Musa ukungaqapheli yi-BM-21 ezingxabano ezihlomile emhlabeni jikelele: e-Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, eSomalia, eSiriya naseLibya nasezingxenyeni zamuva empumalanga ye-Ukraine.

Izici zobuciko nobuchwepheshe be-Grad

Izici kanye nemingcele yesistimu inikezwa nge-BM-21.

• I-chassis yi-Ural-375D.
• Amandla injini - ama-180 amalitha. Nge.
• Ubukhulu, m:
  - ububanzi - 2,4;
  - Ubude - 7.35;
  - ukuphakama okuphezulu okungu-4.35.
• Isisindo, t:
  - nge-projectiles - 13.7;
  - okungaxhunyiwe MB - 10,9.
• Isivinini esikhulu sokunyakaza, km / h - 75.
• Iphakethe yezikhali, ama-PC. - ama-rocket angu-120.
• I-Caliber, mm - 122.
• Indawo yomonakalo, amahektha:
  - Izindlela 1.75;
  - bukhoma amandla 2.44.
• Ubude bomhlahlandlela, m - 3.
• Inombolo yeziqondiso ze-stem, ama-pcs. - 40.
• Isikhathi se-volley egcwele, s - 20.
• Ubude bomlilo, m:
  - okungenani - 20 380;
  - Ubuncane buyi-5000.
• Ukulungisa isikhathi sokulwa nesimo, imin. - 3.5.

Namuhla i-MLRS yenziwa ku-OAO Motovilikhinskiye Zavody. Isisekelo imoto "Ural-4320". Emasampula amasha, indawo yokuzimela ehloniphekile isetshenzisiwe, indawo yokufaka iboniswa ebalazweni le-elekthronikhi, kungenzeka ukuthi ufake idatha ku-fuse.

Ngifuna ukukholelwa futhi ngithemba ukuthi ukufakwa kwe "Grad" (izici, ukuklama, isimiso sokusebenza) kwakudingeka futhi kuyathakazelisa isizukulwane esincane njengekhophi yocwaningo lwesayensi, kodwa hhayi ukubhubhisa amadolobha nezinhloso zabantu!