Izinhlobo ecosystem. izici Jikelele kweMvelo

Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala emhlabeni, hhayi todvwa komunye nomunye futhi ukwakha umphakathi. Basuke bonke axhumene, njengoba izinto eziphilayo, futhi izici bemvelo ezingaphili. abantu bangayithola imfundo enjalo ngokwemvelo ibizwa ngokuthi i-ecosystem ophila nemithetho yayo siqu kanye has izici ezithile eziqondile nokufana izimfanelo ngawo sizozama ukuhlangabezana.

Umqondo ecosystem

Ngokuphelele uhlole ecosystem kunzima ngempela, njengoba sihlanganisa omningi eziphilayo futhi izici abiotic.

Kukhona isayensi, ngesimiso semvelo, okuyinto study ubuhlobo nemvelo eziphilayo nezingaphili. Kodwa lezi ubudlelwano kungenziwa kuphela ngaphakathi isimo semvelo ethile futhi ingekho angesabi nemiyalezo, futhi eminye imithetho.

isimiso semvelo Izinhlobo zihlukile, kodwa bonke bamele iqoqo eziphilayo, okuyinto nihlanganyele kanye imvelo ngokusebenzisa exchange of izinto, amandla, kanye nolwazi. Ngakho-ke akuyona eziphilayo uzinzile futhi uzinze phezu isikhathi eside.

ngezigaba kweMvelo

Naphezu lugcwele izinto eziningi zemvelo, bonke bangabafowabo evulekile, ngaphandle ukuthi khona kwabo ngeke kwenzeke. Ecosystem izinhlobo zihlukile, futhi ngezigaba zingase zihluke. Uma sikhumbula umsuka, semvelo yilezi:

1. Ngokwemvelo noma ezingokwemvelo. Bonke ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu oqondile. Lezi bazabela zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Izimiso Zemvelo ukuthi bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni amandla elanga.
• Systems ezithola amandla kusukela kokubili ilanga evela kweminye imithombo.

2. simiso semvelo eyenziwe. Man kudala izandla zakhe, futhi kungaba khona kuphela iqhaza lakhe. Babuye ihlukaniswe:

• Agro-zemvelo, okungukuthi, labo okuhlotshaniswa izinto ezenziwa abantu.
• Tehnoekosistemy avele ngokuqondene nomsebenzi yezimboni abantu.
• isimiso semvelo Urban.

Enye ngezigaba ehlukanisa zinhlobo ezilandelayo zemvelo:

1. Okusobala:

• Ese.
• Abalahle ezenziwe ngotshani nezikhwama izihlahlana kwezimila.
• Savannah.
• Asemaqeleni.
• ihlathi lezihlahla.
• Tundra.

2. Amachibi Izimiso Zemvelo:

• Standing amanzi (echibini, Echibini).
• Amanzi agelezayo (emifuleni, nemifudlana).
• Swamp.

3. Marine simiso semvelo:

• Ocean.
• eshalofini Continental.
• Ezindaweni zokudoba.
• Izizalo zemifula, amatheku.
• Ekujuleni kolwandle nemifantu emikhulu ebusweni bomhlaba.

Kungakhathaliseki ngezigaba, ungabona ukwehluka semvelo, okuyinto libhekene awayo eziphilayo futhi amandla.

Izici semvelo

Umqondo womkhosi ecosystem akunakubangelwa kokubili izinto ezakhiwe imvelo, futhi eyayenziwe wadala umuntu. Uma sikhuluma zemvelo, khona-ke 'zinezikhathi izici ezilandelayo:

• Kunoma ecosystem izakhi saziso - kukhona eziphilayo futhi izici abiotic kwemvelo.
• Kunoma ecosystem kukhona umjikelezo avaliwe kusukela kokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo ku noqhekeko yabo izingxenye wezinto ezingaphili.
• Benziwa zinhlobo ecosystem inikeza ukuzinza kanye ukuzithiba.

Zonke emhlabeni imelelwa ezihlukahlukene izinto eziningi zemvelo, okuncike ophilayo daba isakhiwo ethile.

Biotic isakhiwo ecosystem

Ngisho noma isimiso semvelo kuhluke zinhlobo ukwehluka nokuchichima eziphilayo, amafomu ekuphileni kwabo, kodwa isakhiwo biotic yanoma yimuphi omunye wabo usalokhu unjalo.

Noma yimuphi izinhlobo kweMvelo zihlanganisa izakhi efanayo ngaphandle kobukhona ukusebenza kohlelo akunakwenzeka.

1. Abakhiqizi.
2. Consuments oda kuqala.
3. Consuments oda yesibili.
4. Decomposers.

Iqembu lokuqala eziphilayo zihlanganisa wonke izitshalo ziyakwazi ye-photosynthesis. Bakha izinto eziphilayo. Ukuze iqembu elifanayo chemotroph nokuthi ifomu organic compounds eyakhe. Kodwa kuphela le njongo, hhayi amandla elanga, amakhemikhali namandla.

Ukuze zihlanganisa zonke eziphilayo umthengi okuyinto ukwakha odingekayo nge daba eziphilayo kusuka ngaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa zonke ezidla uhlaza, carnivores kanye omnivores.

Decomposers, ezihlanganisa ama-bacterium, ama-fungus, izitshalo siguqulwe nezilwane izinsalela ibe izakhi wezinto ezifanele ukusetshenziswa eziphilayo.

Ukusebenza kweMvelo

Uhlelo ngobukhulu yemvelo - iyona uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, it is, esikhundleni salokho, yakhiwa izingxenye ngabanye. Ungakha uchungechunge: uhlobo-labantu - ecosystem. Iyunithi kwencani, uyingxenye yesimiso semvelo - ke bheka. Ngamunye biogeocoenose inombolo yabo ziyahlukahluka kusuka emashumini ambalwa emakhulwini ezinkulungwane.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu abaningana nezinhlobo umuntu kunoma iyiphi Ecosystem ukushintshana njalo izinto, amandla, phakathi kwabo nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukuze imvelo.

Uma sikhuluma amandla exchange, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imithetho yemvelo. Umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto uthi amandla ingabe usekhona benganakwa muntu. It kuphela ushintsha kusukela ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngokomthetho yesibili, amandla e irherho le-closed kumane kukhule.

Uma imithetho yemvelo zisebenza zemvelo, singaphetha ngokuthi basekela izimpilo zabo ngenxa yokuba khona amandla elanga ukuthi umzimba ungakwazi ukuthwebula nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukuze uguqule, ukusetshenziswa, bese unike imvelo.

Amandla idluliselwa komunye nomunye ezingeni trophic, kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudlulisa zokuguqula omunye hlobo luni lwamandla kolunye. Ingxenye ke Yiqiniso, kulahleka njengoba ukushisa.

Kungakhathaliseki yayikhona izinhlobo zemvelo, kodwa imithetho enjalo baqiniseka ngamunye.

Isakhiwo semvelo

Uma ucabangela yimuphi ecosystem, khona-ke ngempela izobonwa ukuthi ezihlukahlukene izigaba, efana abakhiqizi, abathengi kanye decomposers, njalo emelelwa iqoqo zinhlobo. Nature enikeziwe, uma okuthile kungase kwenzeke ukuba ingenye kwezinhlobo kusukela semvelo esenza Ngeke ufe, njalo kungenziwa ngokuphumelelayo kuphenduke ngenye. Lokhu kuchaza ukuzinza zemvelo.

A ezihlukahlukene elikhulu zinhlobo Emvelweni, ezihlukahlukene ukunikezela amaketanga zizinze zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi komphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yiluphi uhlelo has imithetho yayo siqu elawula zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kulesi sisekelo, kukhona izakhiwo eziningana ngaphakathi biogeocoenose:

1. isakhiwo Specific. Ibonisa isilinganiso ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo. Ngo uhlelo ngalunye, lesi sibalo ehlukile, kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: indawo, isimo sezulu, ubudala semvelo. Bheka isibalo wonke amanye aphakeme, ngokuthi sredoobrazovatelem. Kodwa abameleli encane anda kwezinye izimo, kube inkomba yokuthi inhlalakahle ohlelweni.
2. isakhiwo trophic. Lesitshalo ukwehluka, branched supply chain ku-ecosystem kuyinto inkomba ukuzinza. Kunoma eziphilayo biogeocoenose exhumene ngokuyinhloko ukuxhumana ukudla. Ungahlala ezakha eziwukudla. Ayevame uqale enomzimba isitshalo futhi ekupheleni umhlaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, intethe odla utshani ibadla titmouse, futhi abambe ikhayithi.
3. Isakhiwo ngekwendzawo. Umbuzo kanjani zalelo nani elikhulu zinhlobo ezahlukene ephila endaweni efanayo. Konke lokhu sibonga isakhiwo ethile, sokunamathela zinhlobo ixazululwe. Ehlathini isihlanganisi lokuqala elalihlala izihlahla ukukhanya-onothando. Lapha zakhele yawo yayingasekho, amanye zezinyoni. Izinga elilandelayo - izihlahla engezansi, bese futhi bahlala ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zawo.

Noma isiphi isakhiwo ngempela ukwethula kunoma iyiphi ecosystem, kodwa ingahluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uqhathanisa biogeocoenosis ezingwadule futhi amahlathi emvula, umehluko iyabonakala ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama.

isimiso semvelo yokufakelwa

izinhlelo ezinjalo zidalwe babe ngumsebenzi wezandla zomuntu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuzo, njengoba ngokwemvelo, ngempela ukwethula zonke izingxenye isakhiwo biotic, kodwa kunomehluko obalulekile. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Agrocnosises kuhluke abampofu zinhlobo kwengoma. Kube sikhule kuphela labo izitshalo ezimila abantu. Kodwa imvelo ithatha yayo, njalo, isibonelo, ensimini kakolweni kungabonwa cornflowers, daisy, futhi eyisinambuzane ahlukahlukene wehlise umoya. Kwezinye izinhlelo, ngisho izinyoni isikhathi ukusonta esidlekeni emhlabathini ukuletha amaphuphu.
2. Uma umuntu ngeke unakekele semvelo, le izitshalo abakwazi ancintisane izihlobo zawo zasendle.
3. Agrocnosises isesekhona ngenxa amandla ezengeziwe kuletha abantu, isibonelo, okwenza umquba.
4. Njengoba landa isitshalo biomass isuswe nge isivuno, inhlabathi mpilo izakhamzimba. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa khona ukuqhubeka futhi isidingo Ukungenela komuntu, okuyinto kwakuyodingeka bakusebenzise Umanyolo sikhule isivuno olandelayo.

It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi izimiso zezinto eziphilayo yokufakelwa ezakho uhlelo ezinzile futhi self umqondo. Uma umuntu eyeka ukuba azinakekele, ngeke usinde. Kancane kancane azixoshe zilwane zasendle izitshalo futhi agrocenosis bayobhujiswa.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-ecosystem yokufakelwa kwezinhlobo ezintathu eziphilayo kungadalwa kalula ekhaya. Uma ufake u-tank inhlanzi, uthele amanzi kulo,, ufake amahlumela ngesikele sokuthena ambalwa Elodea bazohlala nezinhlanzi ezimbili, nakhu uhlelo yokufakelwa usulungile. Ngisho elula ezinjalo ngeke kube khona ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu.

Izimiso Zemvelo ngokwemvelo

Ukukhuluma jikelele, zonke izinto eziphilayo zabiwa ekuphileni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto eziphilayo, ngakho ukubaluleka kwabo kunzima ukubukela phansi.

1. Zonke isimiso semvelo sikwazi kwegazi oxhumene izinto ezingaba bathuthe kusukela uhlelo eyodwa kuya kwenye.
2. Ngenxa eziphilayo e ubunjalo ukulondoloza ukwehlukahluka.
3. Zonke izinsiza esizithola nemvelo, ukusinika ncamashi simiso semvelo: amanzi ahlanzekile, umoya, inhlabathi evundile.

Noma yimuphi Ecosystem Kulula kakhulu ukugqashuka kuyo, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela amathuba yomuntu.

Izimiso Zemvelo kanye womuntu

Kusukela kwaqala nomthelela zomuntu emvelweni liye landa minyaka yonke. Ukuthuthukisa, indoda uzibona inkosi bemvelo, akazange angabaze ukubhubhisa izitshalo nezilwane, abhubhise zemvelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela eqala ayonquma legatsha lapho uhleli eyedwa.

Ukuphazamisa eziphilayo wakudala futhi ophula imithetho bokuba khona izinto eziphilayo, lo muntu wawangenisa yokuthi kwemvelo unawo wonke zimemeza emhlabeni kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye, ukuthi lokhu kwaba emhlabeni crisis kwemvelo. ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlekelele zemvelo aqhubeka, kukhona impendulo ubunjalo okungenangqondo ka Ukungenela komuntu kumithetho yayo eyaqala ukwenzeka muva. Sekuyisikhathi ukuba sime, sicabange ukuthi noma iluphi uhlobo-ecosystem kwakhiwa emakhulwini, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukubukeka yomuntu, kwakukhona esihle ngaphandle kwalo. Kodwa esintwini kungaba baphile ngaphandle kwemvelo? Impendulo kusikisela uqobo.