Izakhi zamakhemikhali zama-alkenes (ama-olefins)

I-olefins yi-hydrocarbons, i-molecule yayo enezibopho ezimbili. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinhlanganisela zibizwa ngokuthi i-ethylene hydrocarbons. Isibopho esiphindwe kabili emaklekeni sibhekwa kalula ngokuhlaziywa kwebala.

Izakhiwo zomzimba zama-alkenes

Abameli abathathu bokuqala be- homologous uchungechunge lwe- alkenes yizigesi. Kusukela kwesihlanu kuya kweshumi nantathu - uketshezi, ama-alkenes aphezulu-amasongo. Njengoba ubude bekhendi ye-hydrocarbon ekhuphuka, kunjalo nendawo yokubilisa yezinto. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-laboratory, lezi zitho zingatholakala ngezindlela eziningana: ukuqubuka kwamanzi ama-alkenes, ukuqhekeka kwamafutha, ukungcola kwamanzi utshwala.

Amafutha okuqhakaziza iyindlela yokukhiqiza i- hydrocarbons engasetshenzisiwe. Ngenxa yokucubungula okushisa, imikhiqizo yamafutha ishuthukiswe kuma-degree angama-750, i-hydrocarbon skeleton of alkanes iphukile:

C30H62 → C15H30 + C15H32

Ukudoba ama-alkanes . Le nqubo yenziwa ekushiseni okungaba ngu-600 degrees. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ama-athomu H ahlukaniswe emkhathini we-hydrocarbon egcweleyo ukuze enze ama-alkenes, isibonelo: C5H12 → C5H10 + H2.

Ukwehla kwamanzi utshwala . Ukuphuza okweMonohydric, ukusebenzisana ne- sulfate acid form alkenes, isibonelo: C4H9OH → C4H8 + H2O.

Izakhi zamakhemikhali zama-alkenes zibangelwa ukuba khona kwesibopho esiphindwe kabili emulenzeni wabo. Ubukhulu be-electron emkhatsini we-C-athomu eboshelwe ukubopha kabili kuphakeme kunalokho phakathi kwe-athomu C eboshelwe izibopho ezilula. Uhlobo oluyinhloko lokuphendula, lapho ama-alkenes angena khona, ukuhambisana nokuphuka kwe-p-bond nokubunjwa kwezibopho ezimbili zesigma. Ama-olefins angena ekuphenduleni kwe-polymerization, okubuye kuhambisane nokuqedwa kwezibopho ezimbili.

Izakhi ze-alkenes zamakhemikhali: Ukwengezwa kwe-halogenated hydrogen

Ama-olefins afaka kalula ama-molecule we-halogenated hydrogen, enza ama-derivatives e-monohalogen (isibonelo, i-C10H20 + HC1 → C10H21Cl). Lapho i-H2O ingeziwe kuma-alkenes, ama-alcohol agcwele ama-monohydric akha (C10H20 + H2O → C10H21OH).

Ukuvutha kwama-alkenes

Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, ngaphansi kwethonya le-O2, ama-olefini akhiphela kalula (combust) ku-H20 ne-CO2. Ama-Alkenes, ukuxhumana nama-manganese, fompa utshwala obunama-dihydric (ama-glycols).

Izakhi zamakhemikhali ze-alkenes: i-polymerization yama-olefini

Ama-hydrocarbon wamanje atholakala kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-polymerization. Ngokujwayelekile, i-polymer yikhungane elide neyunithi ephindaphinda (ama-monomers). Le nqubo ingaqaliswa ngezindlela eziningana, kodwa ezimweni eziningi kuyinkqubo yezinketho futhi ibhekisela ezinkambisweni zamahhala, zesikhungo noma ze-anionic zamahhala.

Izakhi zamakhemikhali ze-alkenes: i-cationic polymerization

Lolu hlobo lokuphendula ludalwa yi-acids. Iproton ijoyina i-olefin, yokwenza i-carbocation. Emva kwalokho kulandela ukuhlaselwa kwalesi sigameko esihlokweni se-py-sie ye-molecule ye-alkene kanye namafomu e-long-chain carbocation, ahlasela i-olefin elandelayo, njll. Ngenxa yokukhululwa kweproton noma enye inqubo, "eqeda" ukukhokhiswa kwe-carbocation, lolu khetho luphukile. Ku-polymerization ye-anionic, i-anion eqalayo yenziwa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic kwe-olefin yi-anion X-. Uma i-proton ifakwe, ukhetho luphela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi lama-hydrocarboni angasetshenzisiwe ahlonyiswa yi-mechanical-radical mechanism. Le nqubo ingaqaliswa yi-H202, i-peroxides ephilayo, i-hydroperoxides, njll. Uhlu luphukile ngenxa yokuqotshwa kwama-radicals. Kwezinye izimo, ukusabela kwe-copolymerization kusetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-polymers e-alkene. I-copolymerization iholela ekulungiseleleni i-polymine equkethe amayunithi ahlukahlukene ehamba nge-macromolecule ngendlela ethile. Ukusabela kukhiqiza i-copolymer yomkhiqizo. Izakhiwo ezingokwenyama nezingokomzimba zamakhemikhali zinqunywa ngokuyinhloko nge-oda lokushintshwa kweyunithi eyisisekelo, kanye nangokwenhlobo kanye nenani lamakhemikhali afakwe ngaphakathi kweketheni ye-polymer.