Isayensi yezinsuku zezikhathi zanamuhla

– одна из важнейших эпох в истории. Isigaba sokwethulwa kwesayensi ngenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni. Iwela eminyakeni eyi-17-19. Lesi yisikhathi sezinto ezitholakalayo nakakhulu. . Ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezimpumelelo zososayensi ukuthi kuthathwa njengesigaba sesigaba sesayensi . Kule nkathi, kubekwe isibonelo sokuqashelwa. . Ake sicabangele ngokwengeziwe ukuthi kwakunjani isayensi yezinsuku zakudala .

Izigaba ze

началось с формирования механистической картины мира. Ukwakhiwa kwesayensi ye-classic kwaqala ngokubunjwa kwesithombe somhlaba jikelele. Kwakusekelwe emcimbini wokuthi imithetho ye-physics ne-mechanics ayandiseli kuphela kwimvelo yemvelo, kodwa nakweminye imikhakha, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yomphakathi. формировалась постепенно. Isayensi ye-Classical yakhiwa kancane kancane. Isigaba sokuqala senzeke emakhulwini angu-17-18. Ixhunywe nokutholakala kukaNewton komthetho wokuthunjwa nokulawula izimpumelelo zakhe ngabososayensi baseYurophu. Esigabeni sesibili - ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka yekhulu le-19. - ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kwaqala. Kwakuhlelwe yizinguquko zezimboni.

Izici

обладает следующими специфическими чертами: Isayensi ye-Classical inezici ezilandelayo:

1. I-physics yayiyindawo ebalulekile yolwazi. Ososayensi babenombono wokuthi ngalesi siyalo ukuthi zonke ezinye izikhombandlela, hhayi nje kwemvelo, kodwa futhi ezomuntu, zisekelwe. I-physics kaNewton yayibheka umhlaba njengendlela, yonke imizimba yezinto ezibonakalayo, okuvezwa kwayo yimithetho yemvelo eqinile. Lokhu kuqonda okwenzekile kuye kwasakazeka ezinhlelweni zenhlalo.
2. Izwe lalibhekwa njengeliqoqo lempi lokukhwabanisa nokukhangwa. представляла как перемещение элементов вещества, лишенных качественных особенностей. Zonke izinqubo, ezenhlalakahle ezihlanganisa nesayensi yesayensi yezikhathi zanamuhla, zimelela ukufuduka kwezakhi zezinto ezingenalo izici ezifanele. Okuqakathekile kulezi zindlela zaqala ukuthola izibalo, izilinganiso ezinembile zanikwa ukunakwa okukhethekile.
3. нового времени формировалась на собственной основе. Isayensi yezobuchwepheshe ezikhathini zanamuhla yenziwa ngokwayo. Wayengathonywa yizinkolelo zenkolo, kodwa wancika kuphela ekutholeni kwakhe.
4. на сложившуюся в эпоху Средневековья систему образования. Ifilosofi ye-classical yesayensi yathonya uhlelo lwemfundo olwenziwe eNkathini Ephakathi. Izikhungo zemfundo ezikhethekile ze-polytechnic zaqala ukungezwa emayunivesithi akhona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlelo zokufundisa zaqala ukwakha ngokulandela uhlelo oluhlukile. Kwakusekelwe emikhakheni yokuqala, bese eya kwi-physics nakumakhemikhali, i-biology kanye nomphakathi.

Isikhathi Sokukhanya

Iwela ekupheleni kwe-17 yekhulu le-18. находилась под влиянием идей Ньютона. Kulesi sigaba, isayensi yezobuciko yathonywe imibono kaNewton. Emsebenzini wakhe, wachaza ubufakazi bokuthi amandla adonsela phansi, okuvezwe ezimweni zasemhlabeni, amandla afanayo okugcina iplanethi inombhalo kanye nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini. Ososayensi abaningi bafika emcabangweni wokuqala kwendawo yonke naphambi kukaNewton. Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka kwalokhu okuwukuthi nguye owayekwazi ukuveza ngokucacile ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwamandla okuvuthwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesithombe sezwe. Leli phethini laliyisisekelo kuze kube sekhulwini le-19. Leli phethini laliphikisana no-Einstein noBohr. Owokuqala, ikakhulukazi, wabonisa ukuthi ngejubane lokukhanya kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu izici zendawo ye-megaworld, isikhala nesikhathi, kanye nezidumbu eziningi futhi azilaleli imithetho yaseNewtonian. U-Bohr, owenza ucwaningo kwi-microworld, wamisa ukuthi imithetho eyisisekelo ekhishwe imithetho yangaphambilini ayisebenzisi. Ukuziphatha kwabo kungabikezelwa kuphela ngokuvumelana nenkolelo yamathuba.

Ukubuka kwezwe okunengqondo

. Lokhu kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko zesayensi ye- classic . Esikhathini Sokukhanyiselwa ezingqondweni zososayensi, ukubuka kwezwe okunengqondo kwakhiwe, ngokungafani nenkolo (ngokusekelwe emfundisweni). Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yonke kuqhubeka ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyakhelwe yona kuphela. Umqondo wokuzithela okunjalo wawuqinisiwe eMaplace's "Mechanical Mechanics". IBhayibheli lashintshwa yi-"Encyclopedia of Crafts, Science and Arts", eyadalwa uRousseau, Voltaire noDaerot.

"Ulwazi lungamandla"

Esikhathini Sokukhanya, isayensi yayibhekwa njengomsebenzi ohlonishwa kakhulu. F. Bacon waba umbhali wesigameko esidumile esithi "ulwazi namandla". Ezingqondweni zabantu, imibono iye yasungulwa ukuthi ulwazi lomuntu kanye nenqubekela phambili yenhlalakahle inamandla amakhulu. Lo mqondo wathola igama lokuhlelwa kwezenhlalakahle nezenhlalakahle. Ngalesi sizathu, kwakhiwa ama-utopias amaningi ezenhlalakahle. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvela komsebenzi we-T. Okuningi, kwakukhona izincwadi zikaT. Campanella, F. Bacon. Emisebenzini yalesi sigaba, "i-New Atlantis" yiyokuqala ukuchaza iphrojekthi kwinhlangano kahulumeni yesistimu. – Петти - сформулировал исходные принципы познания в сфере хозяйственной деятельности. Umsunguli wesayensi yezomnotho wezombusazwe - Petty - wahlela izimiso zokuqala zokuqashelwa emkhakheni wokusebenza komnotho. Bahlongoze izindlela zokubala imali engenayo kazwelonke. рассматривала богатство, как гибкую категорию. Ucwaningo lwama-classic lubheka ingcebo njengesigaba esivumelana nezimo. Ngokuyinhloko, uPetty uthe imali engenayo yombusi incike enani lezinzuzo zazo zonke izifundo. Ngakho-ke, lapho bebacebile kakhulu, nakakhulu ungakwazi ukuqoqa intela kubo.

Ukuhlelwa kwezikhungo

Kwakusebenza kakhulu ekukhanyeni. Kwakukhona ngalesi sigaba ukuthi inhlangano yezobuchwepheshe zesistimu yesayensi yaqala ukuma, okwamanje ikhona namuhla. Esikhathini soKhanya, kwakukhona izikhungo ezikhethekile ezihlanganisa ososayensi bezobuchwepheshe. Babizwa ngokuthi izikole zezesayensi. Ngo-1603, kwaqala isakhiwo esinjalo. Kwakuyi-Academy yaseRoma. UGalileo wayengomunye wamalungu ayo okuqala. Kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi maduzane kwakuyi-academy evikela isosayensi ekuhlaselweni kwesonto. Ngo-1622 kwakhiwa isikhungo esifanayo eNgilandi. Ngo-1703 inhloko yeRoyal Academy yayiyiNewton. Ngo-1714, iNkosana Menshikov, umhlangano kaPeter Omkhulu, waba ilungu langaphandle. Ngo-1666 i-Academy of Sciences eFrance yasungulwa. Amalungu ayo akhethwe kuphela ngesivumelwano nenkosi. Kulokhu, inkosi (ngaleso sikhathi yayiyiLouis XIV) ibonise isithakazelo somuntu siqu emisebenzini yesikole. Ngo-1714 uPeter Omkhulu wakhethwa ilunga langaphandle. Ngokusekelwa kwakhe ngo-1725, kwakhiwa isikhungo esifanayo eRussia. Njengoba amalungu ayo okuqala akhethwa uBernoulli (isazi sezinto eziphilayo kanye nesazi sezibalo), no-Euler (wezibalo). ULomonosov wamukelwa kamuva esikoleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokucwaninga emayunivesithi laqala ukuphakama. Amanyuvesi akhethekile aqala ukuvela. Isibonelo, ngo-1747, iSikole seMining savulwa eParis. Isikhungo esifanayo eRussia savela ngo-1773.

Ubuchwepheshe

Njengobunye ubufakazi bokukhulisa izinga lokuhlelwa kwesistimu yesayensi, ukuvela kweziqondiso ezikhethekile zolwazi. Babeyizinhlelo ezikhethekile zokucwaninga. Njengo-I. Latkatos bakholwa, kule nkathi izinkomba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zakhiwe. Bafundiswa:

1. Amandla ezinhlobonhlobo.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kweMetallurgical.
3. Ugesi.
4. Izinqubo ze-Chemical.
5. Biology.
6. I-Astronomy.

Imibono eyisisekelo

Naphezu kokuhlukana okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokuphila okude isikhathi eside ohlelweni lwesayensi lwesayensi, lugcina ukuzibophezela okuthile ekuthambekeleni okuvamile kwezenzo kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwemvelo. Empeleni, bathonya isimo sezwe. Phakathi kwezici ezinjalo kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele imibono elandelayo:

1. Ukugcina kweqiniso ngendlela ephelele, akuxhomeki ezimweni zokuqashelwa. Ukuchazwa okunjalo kwakulungiswa njengento edingekayo ekuchazeni kanye nokuchazwa kwezigaba ezingokwenkolo (amandla, iphuzu elibonakalayo, njll) okuhloswe ukuba kuthathe indawo yezinto zangempela kanye nokuxhumana kwabo.
2. Ukubeka izincazelo ezingabonakali ezibangelwa imbangela yemicimbi, izinqubo. Akukhipha ukucatshangelwa kwezici ezingenzeka futhi eziyingozi ezabhekwa njengengenxa yokungafinyeleli kolwazi, kanye nezethulo ezizithobayo kokuqukethwe.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi ezizimele-eziqondene nomongo wesayensi, izindlela kanye nemibandela yokwenza imisebenzi yocwaningo eyimfihlo kuye.
4. Ukuchazwa kwezinto zolwazi njengezinhlelo ezilula ezilalela izidingo zentariability kanye nobunjwa be-static zezici zabo ezibalulekile.

Isayensi ye-Classical and non-classic

Ekupheleni kwe-19th - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imibono ekhonjiwe ngenhla yayamukeleke kakhulu. Ngokwakhe isisekelo se-classical sogcino lwezesayensi sakhiwa. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isithombe sezwe sakhiwe futhi sivumelekile ngokugcwele. Esikhathini esizayo, kuzodingeka kuphela ukucacisa futhi ucacise ezinye zezingxenye zayo. Noma kunjalo, indaba yayala ngendlela ehlukile. Le nkathi yaboniswa ukuthola okuningi okwakungafani nganoma iyiphi indlela ngesithombe esivele sikhona. UBohr, Thompson, uBququerel, uDirac, Einstein, Broil, Planck, Heisenberg kanye nabanye abososayensi bavuselela i-physics. Bafakazela ukwehluleka okukhulu kwesayensi yemvelo yesisekelo. Imizamo yalaba ososayensi yabeka isisekelo seqiniso elisha le-quantum-relativistic. Ngakho isayensi idluliselwe esiteji esisha se-nonclassical. Le nkathi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yi-60s yekhulu lama-20. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, lonke uchungechunge lwezinguquko zenguquko lwenzeka ezinhlokweni ezahlukene zolwazi. Ku-physics, imibono ye-quantum ne-relativistic yenziwa, ku-cosmology - inkolelo yendawo yonke engeyona indawo. Ukuvela kwezakhi zofuzo kunikeze izinguquko ezinkulu kwilwazi lezinto eziphilayo. Inkolelo yezinhlelo, i-cybernetics yenze umthelela omkhulu ekubunjweni kwesithombe esingenasidingo. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekuqondeni phambili kwemibono kwezobuchwepheshe nezimboni.

Okuyinhloko ye-revolution

– естественные явления, возникшие в ходе становления и расширения системы. Isayensi yama-classical ne-non-classical yizinto ezivela emvelweni lapho kuhlanganiswa nokwandiswa kwesistimu. Ukuguquka kusukela esikhathini esisodwa kuya kwesinye kwakudingeka ukubunjwa kwefomu elisha le-rationality. Ngalokhu, ukuguqulwa kwezinga lomhlaba wonke kwakufanele kwenziwe. Isisekelo saso kwakuwukuthi indaba yafakwa ekuqukethwe "komzimba" wokuqaphela. Isayensi ye-Classical yafunda iqiniso eqondwa njengenhloso. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezingqikithi ezikhona, ukuqashelwa akuzange kuxhomeke esihlokweni, izimo kanye nezindlela zomsebenzi wakhe. Esikhathini sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokuchazwa kokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto kanye nezindlela eziqashelwa ngazo kuyisidingo esiyinhloko sokuthola incazelo yangempela yeqiniso. Ngenxa yalokho, i-paradigm yesayensi ishintshile. Into yokubamba iqhaza ayibhekwa njengento engokoqobo eqinisweni, kodwa njengengxenye ethile ecacile, eyinikezwa ngokusebenzisa i-prism yezindlela, amafomu kanye nezindlela zokuphenya.

Isayensi ye-Classical, ye-classic non post-non-classic

Kusukela ema-60s ekhulwini lokugcina, ukuguqulwa kwesiteji esisha sekhwalithi kwaqala. Isayensi yaqala ukuthola izici zangemva-nonclassical (zesimanje) ezihlukile. Kulesi sigaba, ukuguqulwa kwenzeka ngokuqondile emisebenzini yomcabango. Kwabangelwa izinguquko ezinkulu ezindlela nezindlela zokuthola, ukucubungula, ukugcina, ukudlulisa nokuhlola ulwazi. Uma sicabangela isayensi ye-postnonclassical ngokuguquguquka kohlobo lwe-rationality, khona-ke likhulise kakhulu ububanzi bokuzindla kwezinto eziphathelene nemikhawulo ebalulekile kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo somsebenzi wokucwaninga. Ngokuphambene nezinhlelo zangaphambilini, kudinga ukuhlolwa kokusebenzisana nokunciphisa ulwazi, hhayi nje ngemisebenzi ethile kanye nezindlela zokuphenya ngale ndaba, kodwa futhi nezici zokubaluleka, okungukuthi, ngemuva kwesizinda senhlalo yenkathi yemlando njengendawo yangempela. I-paradigm engeyona ye-classic igcizelele ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezobuchwepheshe, evezwe ngendlela yokuhlalisana nezindlela zokubheka, izibalo nezibalo zokungeza ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene ukuze kuchazwe izinto. Imodeli yesimanje yesimiso iqondisa umcwaningi ukuba ahlole izenzakalo zokwakheka, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuzibandakanya kwenqubo yezinqubo ekuqinisweni okungaqondakali. Kuhilela ukutadisha izinto ezinombono womlando, kucabangela ukusebenzisana, imiphumela ye-synergetic yokusebenzisana nokuhlalisana kwabo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womcwaningi wawuyi-reconstruction of the phenomenon ebangeni elibanzi kunazo zonke zokukhulumisana nokuxhumana. Lokhu kunikeza ukudala kabusha komfanekiso ohlelekile nokuphelele wenqubo ngolimi lwesayensi.

Okucacile imodeli yesimanje

Kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuchaza zonke izinkomba eziyinhloko zenkambu yokufunda yesayensi yangemva kokungeyona yobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi idlulisela izinsiza zayo zokuziqonda kanye nemizamo cishe yonke indawo yeqiniso, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zezenhlalo nezamasiko, imvelo, nezindawo ezingokomoya nezengqondo. Isayensi ye-Postnonclassical ihlola izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imibuzo yokusebenzisana kwabantu ne-biosphere, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili kusukela ku-nanoelectronics nakwabase-neurocomputers, imibono yokuziphendukela kwezwe jikelele kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nokunye okuningi. Imodeli yanamuhla ibonakala ngokugxila kokuzibandakanya kwamanye amazwe kanye nokucinga okugxilwe ngenkinga. Njengoba izinto zokutadisha namuhla ziyinkimbinkimbi ehlukile yomphakathi nezomvelo esakhiweni lapho kukhona khona umuntu.

Isiphetho

Ukungena okunomthelela okunjalo kwesayensi emhlabeni wezinhlelo zesintu kubangela izimo ezintsha eziyisisekelo. Bafaka izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinkinga zomhlaba ngokubaluleka nencazelo yolwazi ngokwalo, amathemba okuba khona nokukhulisa, ukusebenzisana nezinye izinhlobo zamasiko. Esimweni esinjalo, umbuzo wamanani wangempela wemisebenzi, imiphumela ebonakalayo yokwethulwa kwesimiso sokuxhumana komuntu, ukukhiqizwa okungokomoya nokubonakalayo, kuzobuye kube ngokusemthethweni.