Izibonelo zezingcaphuno. Izibonelo zesimo sezesayensi

Umqondo we-hypothesis (isiGreki esiyi-Greek - "isisekelo, ukucabanga") kuyindlela yokucabanga ngokwesayensi, okuyiqiniso okungakaqinisekiswa. I-hypothesis ingaba yindlela yokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi (ukuthuthukiswa nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlola kokucabanga), futhi futhi njengesici sesakhiwo sesayensi yesayensi. Ukwakhiwa kwenqubo yokucabanga ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi ethile yengqondo kuvumela umuntu ukuba enze ukutholakala kwengxoxo nokuguqulwa okubonakalayo idivaysi esolwayo yezinto ezithile. Inqubo yokubikezela maqondana nalezi zinto ithola umlingisi ozokhonakala futhi ozwakalayo.

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokucabanga

Ukuvela kwendlela yokucabanga kubonakala kusengaphambili ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi lwezemibhalo yasendulo. KwaseGrisi yasendulo izibalo zasebenzisa indlela yokucubungula ukuzama ukuhlola izibalo. Le ndlela yayihlanganisa ekuphakamiseni i-hypothesis kanye nokutholwa okulandelayo kwemiphumela yayo ngokucutshungulwa kokuhlaziya. Inhloso yalendlela yayiwukuqinisekisa ukuqala kokucatshangelwa kwesayensi nezombono. Indlela yakhe yokuhlaziywa-yokwenziwa yenziwa yiPlato. Esigabeni sokuqala i-hypothesis evezwe phambili ibhekene nokuhlaziywa kokuqala, esigabeni sesibili kubalulekile ukuqhuba uchungechunge olunengqondo lweziphetho ngendlela elandelanayo. Uma lokhu kungenzeka, ukucabanga kwangempela kuthathwa njengokuqinisekiswa.

Ngesikhathi isayensi yesayensi yasendulo indlela yokucabanga iyasetshenziswa kakhulu ngendlela evulekile, ngohlaka lwezinye izindlela, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17. I-hypothesis iqala ukusetshenziswa njengendlela emele yokucwaninga kwesayensi. Indlela yokucabangela yathola ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu nokuqiniswa kwesimo sayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lweswazi lwesayensi kwimisebenzi kaF Engels.

Ukucabanga okucatshangelwayo ebuntwaneni

Inqubo yokwenza iziphakamiso ingenye yezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga ebuntwaneni. Mayelana nalokhu, isibonelo, ubhala isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo waseSwitzerland uJames Piaget emsebenzini wakhe "Inkulumo nokucabanga kwengane" (1923).

Izibonelo zezindinganiso zezingane zingatholakala kakade ezinkathini zokuqala zesikole esikoleni esincane esikoleni. Ngakho-ke, izingane zingacelwa ukuba ziphendule umbuzo lapho izinyoni zikwazi khona ukuya eningizimu. Kanti, izingane ziqala ukwenza izinhloso. Izibonelo zezindinganiso: "zilandela lezo zinyoni emhlambini osuvele ugijima ngaseningizimu ngaphambili"; "Ziqondiswa izitshalo nezihlahla"; "Yizwa umoya ofudumayo", njll. Ekuqaleni, ukucabanga kwengane eneminyaka engu-6-8 kuwukuzimela, ekuphethweni kwayo ingane iqondiswa ngokuyinhloko ngokulungiswa okulula okunembile. Futhi, ukuthuthukiswa kokucabanga okucatshangelwayo kwenza kube lula ukususa lokhu kuphikisana ngokusesha ukufundwa kobufakazi ngengane ekuqinisekiseni esinye sezimpendulo zakhe. Esikhathini esizayo, lapho uhambela esikoleni samabanga aphansi, inqubo yokwenza izingqinamba iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ithola into ethile entsha - umlingiswa ongenalwazi, ukuthembela kumafomula, njll.

Izabelo ezenzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kokucabanga okucatshangelwayo zisetshenziselwa uhlelo lokuthuthukisa imfundo yezingane, eyakhiwe ngokuvumelana nesistimu yeDBB. I-Elkonin - V.V. Davydov.

Noma kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi igama, i-hypothesis yinto yokucabanga mayelana nokuxhumeka kokuguquguquka okubili noma ngaphezulu kumongo othize futhi kuyisici esibophezelayo yombono wesayensi.

I-hypothesis ohlelweni lolwazi lwesayensi

Inkolelo yesayensi ayikwazi ukuhlelwa ngosizo lokukhiqiza ngokuqondile kokuzivocavoca kwesayensi. Njengesixhumanisi esisemkhatsini yi-hypothesis echaza konke okuphelele kwamaqiniso noma izimo ezithile. Lesi yisigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ohlelweni lolwazi lwesayensi. Intuition kanye logic idlala indima ehola lapha. Ukuzibonisana ngokwabo akukakabi nobufakazi kwisayensi - yiziphetho kuphela. Iqiniso labo lingagwetshwa kuphela uma kwenzeka iqiniso lendawo esekelwe kuyo. Umsebenzi womcwaningi kuleli cala ukukhetha kusuka emaqenjini ahlukahlukene emibhalweni kanye nemikhakha yemisebenzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke, kanye nomzamo wokusekela la maqiniso ngokwesayensi.

Ngaphandle kokufanisa le ncazelo ngemininingwane yombhalo, kuyadingeka ukuthi iphendule ezimisweni ezinjalo zolwazi lwesayensi njengengqondo, umnotho kanye nokucabangela kokucabanga. Ukuvela kwezingqinamba kungenxa yokungaqiniseki kwesimo, incazelo yokuthi yiyiphi inkinga ephuthumayo yolwazi lwesayensi. Kungenzeka futhi kube nezigwebo eziphikisanayo ezingeni eliphakeme. Ukuze uxazulule lokhu kuphikisana, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili imibono ethile.

Okucacile kokwakha amaphuzu

Ngokuphathelene nokuthi i-hypothesis isekelwe ekucabangeni okuthile (ukubikezela), umuntu kufanele akhumbule ukuthi lokhu akukona okwethenjelwa, kodwa okungaqondakalayo, iqiniso okwamanje okudingeka liboniswe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kufanele ihlanganise wonke amaqiniso afanele kule nsimu yesayensi. Njengoba amanothi e-R. Carnap, uma umcwaningi enquma ukuthi indlovu iyisimpi sokuhamba, ngakho-ke akuyona neze indlovu ethile ayengayibona kwelinye lama-zoo. Kulokhu, isihloko samaNgisi (in the sense Aristotelian - incazelo eziningi) kwenzeka, okungukuthi, umbuzo lonke ekilasini izindlovu.

I-hypothesis ihlehlela uhlelo lwamaqiniso asevele ekhona, futhi libikezela ukuvela kwamasha. Ngakho-ke, uma sicabangela izibonelo zezindinganiso zesayensi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-quantium hypothesis kaMn. Planck, eyabekwa phambili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lezi zindlela, zaholela ekutholakaleni kwezindawo ezinjenge-quantum mechanics, electrodynamics ye-quantum, nabanye.

Izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-hypothesis

Ekugcineni, noma iyiphi i-hypothesis kufanele ithole noma isiqiniseko noma ukuguqula. Ngakho-ke, sibhekene nezakhiwo ezinjalo zesayensi yesayensi njengokuqinisekiswa nokukhohlisa.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ihlose ekusungulweni kweqiniso kolwazi olulodwa noma olunye ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwabo ngokomqondo, emva kwalokho ukucabangela kophenyo kuqinisekisiwe. Isibonelo yi-theory of atomistic of Democritus. Futhi, umuntu kufanele ahlukanise phakathi kokucatshangwa okungahlolwa i-empirically, futhi lokho okungukuthi, akuqinisekisiwe. Ngakho-ke, isitatimende: "Olya uthanda Vasya" - ekuqaleni ayinakuqinisekiswa, kanti isitatimende: "Olya uthi uyamthanda uVasya" - ingaqinisekiswa.

Ukuqinisekiswa kungabuye kube yindlela engavamile, lapho isiphetho senziwa ngesisekelo seziphetho ezinengqondo ezivela kumaqiniso aqinisekisiwe ngqo.

Inqubo yokuqamba amanga, ihlose ukusekela ukuqina kwe-hypothesis kwinqubo yokuqinisekisa ngomqondo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula lapha ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlola i-hypothesis ngokwabo ayikwazi ukuyiphikisa - enye indlela edingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe phambili kwenkambu efundwayo yolwazi. Uma kungekho-hypothesis enjalo, ukwenqatshwa kwe-hypothesis yokuqala akunakwenzeka.

I-hypothesis ekuhlolweni

Ukucabangela okwenziwe umcwaningi wokuqinisekiswa kokuhlola kuthiwa yizibalo zokuhlola. Akuzona ngokusekelwe ekufundisweni. I-VN Druzhinin ihlonza izinhlobo ezintathu zezingcaphuno ezivela endaweni yokubuka imvelaphi yazo:

1. Isisekelo esilandelayo - esekelwe emaciniso (amamodeli angokoqobo) futhi izibikezelo, imiphumela yalezi zinkolelo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi - futhi kuqinisekisa (noma ukuphikisa) ezinye noma ezinye izinhlobo zeqiniso, kepha hhayi ngokusekelwe emibhalweni esele yenziwe, kepha ngokucabanga okubonakalayo komcwaningi ("Kungani hhayi ...?").

3. Ukucatshangelwa kwemibono ehlelwe ngokuphathelene nesimo esithile esinikeziwe. Izibonelo zezindinganiso: "Chofoza inkomazi ekhaleni, izosula umsila wayo" (Kozma Prutkov). Emva kokuqinisekisa i-hypothesis phakathi nokuhlolwa, ithola isimo seqiniso.

Okuvamile kuzo zonke izibalo zokuhlola yindawo yokusebenza, okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwezindinganiso ngokwezinqubo ezithile zokuhlola. Kulo mongo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zokucabanga:

• I-hypothesis mayelana nokuba khona kwento ethile (uhlobo A);
• Ucabanga ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimo (uhlobo B);
• I-hypothesis mayelana nokukhona koxhumano lwe-causal phakathi kwezimo (uhlobo B).

Izibonelo zezingcaphuno zohlobo A:

• Ingabe kukhona into "yokushintshela engozini" (igama elithi psychology social) ekwenzeni izinqumo zeqembu?
• Ingabe kukhona ukuphila ku-Mars?
• Kungenzeka yini ukudlulisela imicabango kude?

Futhi lapha kungenzeka ukuphatha uhlelo lwezikhathi zamakhemikhali Mendeleev, ngesisekelo isosayensi esabikezela ngayo ukuthi kunezici ezingakavuli ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, konke okucatshangelwayo mayelana namaqiniso kanye nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zolu hlobo.

Izibonelo zezingcaphuno zohlobo B:

• Zonke ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle komsebenzi wobuchopho kungancishiswa ukunyakaza kwemisipha (IM Sechenov).
• Ukukhishwa kwesikhumba kunomkhuhlane omkhulu kunengozi kunezethulo.

Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-hypothesis lubonisa ubuhlobo obunjalo phakathi kwezimo.

Izibonelo zezingcaphuno zohlobo B:

• Amandla e-Centrifugal alinganisela amandla adonsela phansi futhi anciphisa i-zero (KE Tsiolkovsky).
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono amancane amancane omntwana kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono akhe okuqonda.

Lolu hlobo lwezindinganiso lusekelwe eziguqukeni ezizimele nezixhomekeke, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, kanye namazinga ezinguquko ezengeziwe.

I-hypothesis, isimo, isinqumo

Izibonelo zale mibono zicatshangelwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lolwazi lwezomthetho njengezakhi zomthetho osemthethweni. Kumele futhi kuqaphele ukuthi le nkinga yesakhiwo somthetho e-jurisprudence yinto yokuxoxisana kokubili kokucatshangelwa kwezesayensi nezangaphandle.

I-hypothesis e-jurisprudence iyingxenye yesimiso esinqumayo izimo zokusebenza kwalesi sivalo, amaqiniso lapho iqala khona ukusebenza.

I-hypothesis ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho ingabonisa izici ezinjengendawo / isikhathi sokwenzeka kwesenzakalo esithile; Okungokwemvelo kunesimo esithile; Isikhathi sokuqalisa ukusebenza komthetho; Isimo sezempilo salesi sihloko, esithinta ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukusebenzisa ilungelo elithile, njll. Isibonelo se-hypothesis yokubusa komthetho: "Ingane yabazali abangaziwa, etholakala ensimini yeRussian Federation, iba yisakhamuzi saseRussian Federation." Ngakho-ke, indawo yalesi sigameko kanye neyengxenye yombuso othize ibonisiwe. Kulesi simo, kukhona i-hypothesis elula. Esibonelweni esifanele sezindinganiso ezinjalo zivame kakhulu. I-hypothesis elula isekelwe esimweni esisodwa (iqiniso) ngaphansi kwalo lapho kusebenza khona. Futhi, i-hypothesis ingaba nzima uma kuyindaba yezimo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunenye indlela yokucabanga, izenzo zokwenza izinto ezihlukile, ezilingana ngomthetho ngesinye sezizathu.

Isimo senzelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo kanye nemisebenzi yabathintekayo ebuhlotsheni obungokomthetho, okukhombisa ukuziphatha kwabo okungenzeka futhi okufanele. Njengombono, isingeniso singaba nefomu elula, eyinkimbinkimbi noma ehlukile. Ngesimo esilula, inkulumo ingomphumela owodwa wezomthetho; Eyinkimbinkimbi - cishe amabili noma ngaphezulu, iza ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokubanzi; Ngendlela ehlukile - mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo yemiphumela ("noma").

I-Sanction nayo iyingxenye yendabuko ekhombisa izinyathelo zokuphoqelela ukuphoqa amalungelo nezibopho. Ezimweni eziningi, izigwegwe zihloswe ngezinhlobo ezithile zomthwalo wemithetho. Ngokuqinisekisiwe, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezigwebo: ngokuphelele-ezicacile futhi eziqondene ngqo. Esikhathini sokuqala, sikhuluma ngemiphumela yezomthetho engahlinzeki nganoma iyiphi enye indlela (ukungavumelekile, ukudluliselwa kobunikazi, okuhle, njll). Esimweni sesibili, izixazululo eziningana zingacatshangelwa (isibonelo, ku-Code Criminal ye-Russian Federation lokhu kungase kube kuhle noma ukuboshwa, ububanzi besikhathi sokujeziswa - isibonelo, kusukela eminyakeni emihlanu ukuya kweyishumi, njll). Futhi, izigwegwe zingase zijeziswe futhi ziphinde zamukeleke ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo somthetho osemthethweni

Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo esithi "i-hypothesis - isimo sengqondo - isinqumo" (izibonelo zomthetho osemthethweni) singamelwa kuleli fomu elilandelayo: HYPOTHESIS ("uma ..") → FUNDA ("ke ..") → ISICELO ("kungenjalo .."). Kodwa-ke, empeleni, zonke izici ezintathu ezijwayelekile emthethweni ziyinto engavamile ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngokuvamile sibhekene nesakhiwo esilungu lezakhi ezimbili, okungaba izinhlobo ezimbili:

1. Umthetho wokulawula: i-hypothesis-isimo. Futhi, zingahlukaniswa ngokuzibophezela, ukuvimbela nokunika amandla.

2. Izindlela zokuvikela zomthetho: i-hypothesis-sanction. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezintathu: okucacile-okucacile, okungaqondile futhi okunye (bheka ukuhlukaniswa kwezigwegwe).

Noma kunjalo, i-hypothesis ayidingi ukuba ibe ekuqaleni komthetho wezomthetho. Ukuxhumana nesakhiwo esithile kuhlukanisa umthetho wokubhaliwe komunye umuntu (kubalwa ngesenzo esisodwa), kanye nemigomo ejwayelekile yomthetho (hhayi ukukhomba izizathu kanye nezinhlawulo ezilawula ubuhlobo ngaphandle kokuqiniseka okuthile).

Ake sicabangele izibonelo ze-hypothesis, isimo, izigwebo ezihlokweni. Imithetho yomthetho yokulawula: "Izingane eziqashiwe ezifinyelele eminyakeni engama-18 kumele zinakekele abazali abakhubazekile" (Umthethosisekelo waseRussia Federation, ingxenye 3, isihloko 38). Ingxenye yokuqala yesimiso, ngokuphathelene nezingane ezinamandla ezifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala engu-18 yi-hypothesis. I, kanye nokudingekile ukuba i-hypothesis, icacise izimo zesenzo sokujwayelekile - ngomyalelo wokuqala ukusebenza kwayo. Isiboniso sesidingo sokunakekela abazali abakhubazekile yisimiso esilungisa umsebenzi othile. Ngakho-ke, izakhi zendabuko esemthethweni kulokhu ziyi-hypothesis nesimo sengqondo - isibonelo sesimiso esibophayo.

"Isonkontileka esenze umsebenzi ngokungalungile ayinalo ilungelo lokubhekisela ekutheni ikhasimende alizange lisebenzise ukulawula nokuphatha phezu kokusebenza kwayo, ngaphandle ..." (Ikhodi Yomthetho YaseRussia Federation, ingxenye 4, i-athikili 748). Lezi yizibonelo ze-hypothesis nesimo sesimiso esivimbelayo.

Izindinganiso zomthetho zokuvikelwa: "Ukuze kube nomonakalo kubantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-14, abazali bakhe banomthwalo wemfanelo ..." (Civil Code ye-Russian Federation, ingxenye 1, ubuciko 1073). Lesi sakhiwo: i-hypothesis-sanction, isibonelo somthetho osemthethweni ochazwe ngokuphelele. Lezi zinhlobo kuphela isimo esiqondile (ukulimala okubangelwa ingane encane) ngokuhambisana nesigwebo esithile kuphela (umthwalo wabazali). Amaphuzu ezinkambisweni zomthetho ezivikelayo abonisa ukwephula.

Isibonelo somthetho owodwa wezomthetho: "Ukukhwabanisa okwenziwe iqembu labantu ngokuvumelana kwesivumelwano sangaphambili ... kuhlawuliswa yinhlawulo yama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300, ngokulingana nomholo noma enye imali engenayo yomuntu olahlwe yicala elingakapheli iminyaka emibili, noma ngomsebenzi ophoqelelwe amahora angama-480. . "(I-Criminal Criminal of the Russian Federation, Isigaba 159, isigaba 2); "Ukukhwabanisa okwenziwe ngumuntu osebenzisa isikhundla sakhe somthetho ... kujeziswa ngesikweletu sama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-100 kuya ku-500" (i-Criminal Criminal of the Russian Federation, Isigaba 159, isigaba 3). Ngakho-ke, amaqiniso okukhwabanisa okukhulunywe ngawo yizibonelo zesimo sezesayensi, futhi lezo noma ezinye izindlela zokuzibophezela kulezi zenzo zobugebengu ziyizibonelo zezigwebo.

I-hypothesis ohlelweni lokucwaninga kwengqondo

Uma kuziwa ucwaningo ngokwengqondo yesayensi, esekelwe indlela kwezibalo zezibalo, ke umbono kulokhu kufanele luhambisane ngokuyinhloko izidingo ezifana esengqondweni iyacaca futhi banganhlanhlatsi. Njengoba kuphawuliwe EV Sidorenko, sibonga idatha imicabango umcwaningi ngesikhathi izibalo, eqinisweni, uthola isithombe ocacile walokho okutholakele.

It isinqumo izonikezwa null kanye nehlukile hypothesis kwezibalo. Esimweni sokuqala akusona umehluko uphawu ukuhlolwa, ngokuvumelana ifomula X ₁ -X ₂ = 0. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, X _1, X ₂ - amagugu isici okuyiwona ukuqhathanisa. Ngakho, uma inhloso yokutadisha kwethu - khombisa umehluko wezibalo obalulekile phakathi kwezindinganiso yezimfanelo ukuthi sifuna siphikise null hypothesis.

Endabeni umbono okunye uthi umehluko wezibalo obalulekile. Ngakho, umbono okunye - yilokho isitatimende ukuthi sihlose ukufakazela. Futhi, ibizwa ngokuthi umbono zokuhlola. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye izimo umcwaningi, kunalokho, singafuna ukufakazela null hypothesis uma ezihambisana nemigomo lokuhlolwa yakhe.

Lezi zibonelo zihlanganisa imicabango elandelayo kwengqondo:

I null hypothesis (H _0): Umkhuba wokulala okwandisa (nokuncipha) isici e aphuma isampuli eyodwa kuya kwenye kukhona okungahleliwe.

Umbono okunye (H _1): Umkhuba wokulala okwandisa (nokuncipha) isici e aphuma isampuli eyodwa kuya kwenye akuyona okungahleliwe.

Ake sithi uchungechunge ukuqeqeshwa sessions ukunciphisa lokhu ukukhathazeka lwalwenziwa iqembu izingane amazinga aphezulu okukhathazeka. yizilinganiso inkomba ngaphambi nangemva amaseshini ukuqeqeshwa Kuye kwenziwa ngendlela efanele. Kuyadingeka ukuba sithole ukuthi umehluko phakathi izilinganiso inkomba wezibalo obalulekile. I null hypothesis (H ₀₎ kuyoba okulandelayo: ukuncipha ukukhathazeka ezingeni mkhuba eqenjini ngemuva ukuqeqeshwa okungahleliwe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umbono ehlukile (H ₁₎ liyokhala njengoba ukuthambekela ukwehlisa izinga lokukhathazeka eqenjini ngemuva ukuqeqeshwa akuyona okungahleliwe.

Ngemva isicelo umbandela zezibalo (isib G-umbandela emamaki) umcwaningi singaphetha ukubaluleka kwezibalo / akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye okuholela "shift" maqondana isivivinyo sici (ukukhathazeka ezingeni). Uma Inkomba wezibalo obalulekile, wemukeleke umbono okunye, futhi zero, ngokulandelana, alahlwa. Kungenjalo, kunalokho, yona wamukela null hypothesis.

Futhi in kwengqondo kungaba ukwambulwa uxhumano (ukuhlanganisa) emkhatsini wetinombolo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, lapho sibonisa nokuthi umbono cwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo:

H _0: ukuhlanganisa phakathi Inkomba lokuhlushwa umfundi ukunakwa ukuphumelela rate ukusebenza imisebenzi yokulawula awayona sihluke 0.

N _1: ukuhlanganisa phakathi Inkomba lokuhlushwa umfundi ukunakwa ukuphumelela rate ukusebenza umsebenzi control wezibalo ngokuphongoza 0.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibonelo imicabango yesayensi ezifundweni ngokwengqondo ezidinga yokuqinisekisa kwezibalo ingasho ukusatshalaliswa sici (ezingeni enokwehla futhi theory) kanye degree of izinguquko ukungaguquguquki (lapho eqhathanisa izici ezimbili, noma isigaba sabaphathi yabo), kanye nabanye.

Hypothesis e kwabantu

Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuziwa umfundi anesandla esikoleni esiphakeme, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya nezimbangela zayo. Yini umbono kuleli cala, kungenzeka ukuphakamisa isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu? AI Kravchenko linikeza izibonelo imicabango elandelayo Indaba eyimpumelelo:

• ikhwalithi embi imfundiso ezinye izifundo.
• Ukuphambukisa abafundi baseyunivesithi kusukela inqubo yemfundo phezu imali eyengeziwe.
• amazinga okuphansi yokuphathwa inyuvesi Ufuna ukusebenza isiyalo abafundi.
• izindleko yokuncintisana ethola isikhungo.

Kubalulekile ukuthi izibonelo imicabango yesayensi nezidingo esengqondweni iyacaca futhi ngokucacile, ebhekisela kuphela ngqo isihloko cwaningo. Literacy ekwakhiweni imibono eyayisinesikhathi, njengoba umthetho, inquma ukukhetha izindlela ucwaningo lolwazi. Le mfuneko kuyinto ukwakhiwa imicabango zonke izinhlobo imisebenzi yesayensi lwezenhlalo okufanayo - kungaba umbono ocatshangelwayo kohlaka izingqungquthela noma umbono we mqondo. Isibonelo Achievers ongaphakeme esikoleni esiphakeme, uma ukhetha umbono mayelana umthelela ongemuhle itoho abafundi kungabonakala kohlaka indlela elula abahlolwa. Uma ukhetha umbono ocatshangelwayo mayelana ukhwaliti ongaphakeme yokufundisa, uchwepheshe inhlolovo isetshenziswe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uma sikhuluma izindleko kokukhethwa yokuncintisana, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa indlela ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa - ngokuqhathanisa ukusebenza abafundi 'academic isikhungo nge izimo ezahlukene ukulaliswa esibhedlela.