Iphuzu lokuqhakazila idayimane, izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo samaminerali

Iyini iphuzu lokuqhakazila kanye nephuzu lokubilisa ledayimane? Ingabe kukhona amaminerali efomeni elibunjiwe endaweni yemvelo? Sizofuna impendulo yale mibuzo kanye neminye embonweni owethulwe.

AmaDayimani enza kanjani emathunjini omhlaba?

Ngokusho kososayensi, amadayimane ayengabonakala ngenkathi kwakhiwa umgogodla weplanethi ngenxa yomphumela wokucindezela okukhulu kwi-magma encibilikisiwe. Ezindaweni eziphakeme zomhlaba, amatshe ayigugu asethuthukile ngenxa yezinqubo zokugaya emadwaleni ajulile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa ama-tubyidamu okuthiwa idayimane, ayengena enhlabathini enomhlabathi enezipho ezinkulu zemaminerali.

Izakhiwo zomzimba

Ngaphambi kokuba sithole ukuthi iyini iphuzu lokuqhakaziza kwedayimane, ake sibheke izakhiwo zamaminerali:

1. Amadayimane abe nenkomba yokuqina kanzima phakathi kwazo zonke izinsalela ezikhona. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akukho okubonakalayo okukwazi ukubhubhisa isakhiwo sedayimane noma ukukhipha ubuso bawo. Yena ngokwakhe angalimaza noma iyiphi into ebonakalayo.
2. I-Diamond iyisilonda esisebenzayo kakhulu. Iyanamathela kuma-acids nakweminye imithombo yamakhemikhali ebuhlungu.
3. I-Diamond ine-conductivity ephakeme kunawo wonke phakathi kwazo zonke izimbiwa eziqinile. Ungabamba itshe eliyigugu ngendlela ofuna ngayo entendeni yesandla sakho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa layo lizohlala lingashintshi.
4. Idayimane ine-luminescence ehlukile. Imibala ekhanyayo yanoma imuphi umvelaphi lapho idlula emaminerali yenza ikhanyise futhi igubungele yonke imibala yocingo.

Isakhiwo

Eqinisweni, idayimane iqukethe ama-athomu e-carbon. Kodwa-ke, ngamunye wabo uyingxenye ephakathi kwe-tetrahedron - i-polyhedron, eyakhiwa kusuka ezindizeni ezine zontathu. Lokhu kunikeza isibopho esiqine kakhulu sama-athomu. Lokhu kuchaza ubulukhuni obukhulu kakhulu, kanye nephuzu elimangalisayo lokudilika kwedayimane.

Izimo zokudonswa kwamadayimane

Ngo-2010, ngesikhathi kuhlolwa kwe-physics eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kwidayimani, okuholela ekuqhenqeni, kwakunqunywa. Ososayensi banqume ukuthi ukuguqula le ndaba ibe ifomu elimanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile akunakwenzeka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga lokushisa. Ukufeza le njongo, kungenzeka kuphela uma idayimane ingathinteki nje kuphela ngokushisa, kodwa futhi ingcindezi ephakeme kakhulu. Ukwandisa ingcindezi kuyadingeka ukuze i-mineral ingaphenduki ibe yi-graphite. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwedayimane ibe ifomu elimanzi kuyinkqubo enzima kakhulu.

Iyini iphuzu lokuqhakazila kanye nephuzu lokubilisa ledayimane?

Ngokusho kwedatha etholakalayo lapho kuhlolwa izakhiwo zendawo, ukuqubuka kwomoya ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kwenzeka ngokushisa ku-850-1000 ° C. Ngaphambi kokubilisa, idayimani lingathathwa ekushiseni kusuka ngo-1800 kuya ku-2000 ^о С ekugumbini. Kuzo zombili izimo, lapho ukupholisa, i-mineral isguqulwa ibe yi-graphite.

Eqaphela iphuzu lokuqhakaziza idayimane, ososayensi baqhuba ukuhlolwa besebenzisa amaminerali amancane emvelo, ubuningi bawo babuyi-1/10 ye-carat. Ukubilisa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lokusakazeka okukhiqizwa yi-short-time laser pulses.

Ukunquma isibonakaliso sezinga lokuqhafaza idayimani (ngama degree), abacwaningi baphumelele kuphela ekudaleni ukucindezela okwakungaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-40 kunezingcindezi ezijwayelekile zomkhathi olwandle. Ngenkathi ingcindezi iyancipha ibe yizigidi ezingu-11 zama-atmospheres, izinhlayiya eziqinile zakhiwa phezu kwamaminerali abilayo, angagcini, kodwa aqhube njengeqhwa emanzini.

Amadayimani ahlangana kuphi emhlabathini?

Lezi zimaminerali ziyinqaba kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukugcinwa kwemboni manje sekuthuthukiswa cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi emhlabeni wonke. Okuhlukile yi-Antarctica kuphela.

Kuze kube phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka kwakukholelwa ukuthi amaminerali akhiwe emifuleni. Kamuva, izimbambo zokuqala zamadayimane zatholakala emhlabathini onentaba ontaba ngamamitha angamakhulu amaningana.

Ngokusho kososayensi, isikhathi samadayimane aphakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 kuya ku-2.5 billion. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthola amaminerali amaningi "amadala" okungaveli komhlaba. Lezi zinsuku zilethwa kule planethi kanye nama-meteorites, okwakhiwa endaweni yangaphandle ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa kwesimiso sobusuku.

Ingabe idayimane ifomu elibunjiwe ku vivo?

Iphuzu lokudumala kwedayimani liphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi eMhlabeni amaminerali angeke abe khona efonini elibilisa. Kodwa izinto zinezinto zesikhala kanjani? Ngokusho kososayensi, ukushisa okuqhakazile kwedayimane kusalokhu kugcinwa ekujuleni kwamaplanethi anjengeNeptune no-Uranus. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amaphesenti ayishumi okugcina akhiwa kusukela ku-carbon, okuyisisekelo esakhiweni salesi samaminerali.

Ngokwesayensi abaningi, emaeplanethi angenhla kukhona amachibi amaningi edayimane efomini elisizayo, elibilisa. Le ngqondo ichaza ukuthi kungani inhlabathi magnetic yalezi zidalwa zasezulwini iziphatha kabi kangaka. Ngempela, iNeptune ne-Uranus yizona kuphela amaplanethi ohlelweni lwelanga, lapho izikhala zendawo zingenayo isikhundla esicacile futhi zihlukanisiwe ngesikhala. Ukuze uqinisekise i-hypothesis eyithakazelisayo, ihlala nje ukulinganisa izimo ezifanayo eMhlabeni ngokuzama. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo esinjalo okwamanje sihlala sabiza kakhulu futhi sisidla isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, akukakabonakali ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini izilwandle zedayimani efomini elibunjiwe kumaplanethi aseduze.