UJean-Baptiste Lamarque: umnikelo wezinto eziphilayo. Izinzuzo nokuziqhenya kweTheory Lamarck

Imfundiso yokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaphakanyiswa nguJean-Baptiste Lamarque. Imikhakha yezinto eziphilayo zososayensi yayisekelwe emicabangweni nasezimisweni ezikhona kakade emibuthanweni yesayense yesikhathi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulawa kwakuwumqondo we-scala naturae, kanye nomqondo wokuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zingashintsha ezindaweni ezahlukene.

I-Scala naturae, "i-chain enkulu yokuba khona," ibuyela emuva ku-Aristotle futhi, mhlawumbe, esikhathini esingaphambili. Lolu uhlelo lokuhlukanisa ngezigaba, engxenyeni engezansi okuyizinto ezilula kakhulu, futhi phezulu - okuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke.

Imibono yezinto eziphilayo zashintsha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 zazijwayelekile - azizange ziphumelele eLamarck. Isibonelo, uBuffon, umeluleki wakhe, waveze imibono yakhe ngalokhu, nakuba bonke babengacacile.

Indlela eya kwezinto eziphilayo

ULamarck waya esayini endleleni enameva, isikhathi eside ekhonza empini, futhi iminyaka emine efunda imithi, ngaphambi kokuba umfowabo akhulume naye. Waba umfundi wesayensi yemvelo yaseFrance uBernard de Jussie, wagxila ebhodini, futhi ngo-1978 washicilela iqoqo elincane lamakhomitha aseFrance, okwakumangalisa kakhulu ukunaka uBuffon, owamthatha ngaphansi kwephiko lakhe futhi wanika indawo eFrance Academy of Sciences naseRoyal Botanic Gardens . Ngemuva kweRussian Revolution, lezi zindidi zaguqulwa zaba yiNational Museum of History History ngo-1793, lapho uLamarck wathola khona uprofesa wezibalo ezingenalutho (naphezu kokuthi lokhu kwakungeyona eyakhe okukhethekile), ayenayo kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe.

Ukufaneleka kukaJean-Baptiste Lamarck ku-biology akugcini nje emfundweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okunye okufezile okuthandwa yiyo kuthathwa kalula - igama elithi "biology" lusetshenziswa, njengezigaba ezihleliwe ze "ama-vertebrates", "ama-invertebrates", "izinambuzane", "amagobolondo", "ama-arachnids", "echinoderms", "i-annelids".

Izimfundiso zikaJean-Baptiste Lamarck zanikezwa ezincwadini ezintathu. Waba nesithakazelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, ekhetha eMyuziyamu yeMlando Yokwemvelo iqoqo lezinsalela kanye nezinhlanzi zamanje zaseBruges, umgcini wangaphambili wemiboniso yomnyango wezinqolobane. U-Lamarck uqaphele ukuthi afanayo, futhi, ekuqedeni ukusatshalaliswa kwabo ngesikhathi, angalandela umugqa oqondile kusuka kumasampula lasendulo ukuya okusha. Lokhu kwaholela eminye imibono, eyabeka encwadini ka-1801 "Izifundo zenhlangano yezinto eziphilayo."

UJean-Baptiste Lamarck: Umnikelo ku-Biology

Kodwa imininingwane yangempela yencazelo yenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yabonakala emsebenzini wakhe oyinhloko ka-1809, The Philosophy of Zoology. Ngo-1815, ivolumu yokuqala yencwadi ethi "Umlando Wemvelo Wama-Invertebrates" washicilelwa, lapho imibono kaLamarck nayo yaboniswa khona.

Umqondo we "chain chain" waba yitshe legumbi likaLamarckism. Kodwa waya ngaphesheya kwabantu abaphila ngesikhathi sakhe, ezama ukulinganisa indlela yayo, futhi akayithathi njengento ebonakalayo. Uphakamisa ukuthi impilo yezilwane iqukethe ikhono lokuzakhela, ikhwalithi yangasese iba yinkimbinkimbi, okuzochaza ukuthi kubekhona ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kungafanekiswa hhayi njengokukhuphuka kwesiteji, kodwa njengokuthi uhamba esiteji.

Kodwa-ke ingxabano yendalo yokudala ivela: uma savela ezimpilini, kungani izinkawu zikhona? Isixazululo singenxa yokuthi i-biogenesis - ukwakheka kwempilo entsha - kwenzeka njalo. Ngamanye amazwi, kunama-escalators amaningi (eyodwa kwesigaba ngasinye sempilo), ngasinye esineziqalo zayo zokuqala. Abantu yizilwane ezindala kunazo zonke, futhi izimpethu zishasha.

Kodwa kunenkinga yesibili. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo, njengokuthi "izimpethu-izinhlanzi-izinambuzane-izinyoni-izilwane ezincelisayo-izidalwa-umuntu" ngoba, isibonelo, amahlumela awasebenzi. Kulelizinga, ubukhosi buba yinto yokuzivocavoca okungenangqondo, futhi lapha kuza ingxenye evelele kunazo zonke yeLamarckism: ifa lezici ezitholakalayo. Lo mqondo ulula.

Ijubane lihlala e-savan ngemithi ende. Lokhu kuveza "isidingo" esitokisini, futhi sishintsha ukuziphatha kwayo ukuze kufinyelele amagatsha aphezulu. Ngokusho kukaLamarck, lokhu kusetshenziswa okweziwe kwentanyeni kuyoholela ekukhuleni kwayo ngenxa yokugeleza okwandayo "kokungcola okubalulekile". Isimo esisha sentamo iyisici esitholakalayo, futhi singadluliselwa enzalweni, yingakho kuphathelene nokuzuza izici ezitholakalayo.

Ukukhulumisana nakho kuyiqiniso: uma isitho singasetshenzisiwe, khona-ke umthamo ugeleza kuwo kancane, futhi i-atrophies. Isibonelo, lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani abahlala emaphandleni bengenaso amehlo.

Ifa lezici ezitholakalayo

Esinye isibonelo yi-membrane phakathi kweminwe yezilwane eziningi ezinamanzi, njengamaxoxo, ama-turtles, ama-otters nama-beavers. Ukugibela, izilwane zidinga ukuphuma emanzini, okubangelwa amakhanda, okuholela ekutheni bathole "uketshezi kokuphila" ngaphezulu, njengoba uJean-Baptiste Lamarck akholwa.

Imikhakha ku-biology yososayensi ihlanganisa umqondo oyisisekelo wefa lezici ezitholakalayo. Lokhu akuzange kube ukutholakala kwemvelo ("uketshezi obalulekile" akutholakalanga). Kwakuyimbono yemvelo kanye neyomqondo, okwakuyi-revolutionary ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakungekho isidingo sokuba uNkulunkulu njengomholi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lo mbono waphambene nomqondo wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zingashintshwa ngendlela ethile.

Ngakho-ke, kunezimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo zeLamarckism. Okuqala kwalokhu kuwumqondo wemvelo, inqubo ehambisana ncamashi esikalini senkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, indlela eya phambili kakhulu ihlukumeza kakhulu: izinto eziphilayo zivumelane nezimo zendawo, okwaholela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, ngisho nasesilinganisweni esifanayo sobunzima.

Ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi uLamarckism, ungahlola ngokucophelela ubuhle nobubi bukaJean-Baptiste Lamarck njengomcwaningi osuka kumbono wanamuhla.

Noma yisiphi isazi sefilosofi sosayensi sisho ukuthi ukubeka imisebenzi efanele kanye nemibuzo efanelekile kubandakanya isigamu socwaningo lwesayensi. UJean-Baptiste Lamarck wayezihlukanisa ngalokhu: ukunikela kwakhe kwisayensi ukuthi wayeqonda izinkinga ezine eziyinhloko zomlando wendalo wesikhathi:

1. Kungani amafossil afana nalabo asebefinyelele?
2. Kungani ezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunezinye?
3. Kungani kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo?
4. Kungani izinto eziphilayo zihambisana kahle nemvelo yazo?

Ububi bukaJean-Baptiste Lamarck yilokho ehlulekile ekunikezeni noma yikuphi ukuchaza okulungile, nakuba kungenjalo ngephutha lakhe. Noma ubani endaweni yakhe wayezoyeka imibono enjalo, kunokuba akhethe ukukhethwa kwemvelo noma izinguquko.

UJean-Baptiste Lamarck: I-Miscon of theory

ULamarck wathi amafossil amafomu ahlukile, ngoba, njengoba ayekhuphuka escalator yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, athathelwa yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Manje siyazi ukuthi amafomu asetshenziselwa izingxenye ze-phylogeny, ngakho-ke, ahlukile.

Ayikho into enjengezinga eliyinkimbinkimbi. Amafomu adidayo avela nge-taxa ngayinye ngenxa yezimo zabo ezihlukile. Isibonelo esivamile kunazo zonke zobunzima - i-multicellularity - iyingqayizivele futhi akuyona umphumela wokuthambekela okubanzi.

Ukuhlukahluka akuyona umkhiqizo we-biogenesis njalo. Konke kuveza umthombo wokuphila kuphela. Ukuhlukahluka kungumphumela wokuzikhethela.

Ayikho into enjengokuthi "uketshezi olubalulekile". Amagciwane alungiswa endaweni yawo, njengoba edlule ngamatshe amatshe angenakulinganiswa okukhethwa kwemvelo.

Ekukhethweni kwemvelo, njengoba kuqondwa namuhla, lonke inani lamasiraya elinosayizi wezintambo eziguquguqukayo lucatshangelwa. Labo abanezintamo ezinde bangakwazi ukufika emagatsheni aphakeme emithi, ngakho-ke bathole ukudla okunye. Lokhu kubanika amandla engeziwe futhi kunenzuzo ekukhiqizeni, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyoholela ekukhiqizeni inzalo eningi. Uma sicabanga ngesisekelo sezakhi zobude bentamo, cishe, cishe inzalo ezayo izotalwa, okuyinto phezu kwezizukulwane eziningi izothatha isikhwama esifushane.

Emasimini aseLamarckian kubalulekile ukufika emithini ephakeme, ngakho-ke intamo yayo ikhula, futhi lokhu kudluliselwa enzalweni.

Manje ukusobala kwengqikithi yesibili yombono, owadalwa uJean-Baptiste Lamarque, kusobala.

Izinguquko ezisebenzayo zihlukile, hhayi umthetho

Umnikelo wezesayense - umqondo wokuthuthuka esikalini senkimbinkimbi - futhi awuqinisekisi ngisho nasesimweni se-molecular. UMotu Kimura noTomoko Ohta, abasunguli bezinkolelo ezilandelanayo ezingathathi hlangothi nezezingathathi hlangothi zezinto eziphilayo, baye babonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo akungathathi hlangothi okukhulu - akusho lutho ekuziphatheni komzimba. Ithiyori yesibili ithi izinguquko eziningi ezingathathi hlangothi ziyoba nemiphumela encane kakhulu ukuze zibonakale ngempela. Izinguquko ezisele ziyingozi, futhi inamba encane yazo kuphela ewusizo ngempela.

Uma kwakukhona umugqa owenzelwe ngaphambili wokuphelela, zonke izinguquko zizozuzisa, kepha lokhu akusekelwa ubufakazi.

Ngakho-ke, akukho mqondo owodwa we-Lamarck oqinisekisiwe.

I-panacea yezinkolo

Umqondo wokuthi "uketshezi olubalulekile" awusakazekanga, ngakho-ke uLamarckism nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaba yinselele kuze kube yilapho iDarwin "Umthombo Wezinhlobo Zomhlaba" inqoba umhlaba. UDarwin wabonisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Noma kunjalo, wehlulekile ukuqinisa wonke umuntu wokukhetha kwemvelo.

Umqondo wezinto ezizuzwe njengefa, okuyize uDarwin azisebenzise, waba yisiqalo seLamarckism, kanye naso lonke uchungechunge lwezinkomba ezavela ngokumelene nokukhethwa kwemvelo. Emibuthanweni yesayensi, i-neo-Lamarckism yonke inqobile inkolelo kaDarwin. Imfundiso yenkolo, eyayiyingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule ngokumelene neLamarckism, manje yamukelwa ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuthi isenzo "sobalulekile" singabonakaliswa kalula kumuntu wokudala owenza ngokuhlakanipha ukujwayela imvelo, okuyinto elula kakhulu kune "ithuba" lokukhethwa kwemvelo.

Ngo-1900, i-neolamarcism kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezikhethiwe zachotshozwa yi-rediscovery ye-genetics kanye nokuvela kwengqondo yokuguquguquka.

I-Militant Lamarckism kaLysenko

ERussia, enye yezahluko ezimnyama emlandweni wezinto eziphilayo kanye nesayensi njengento yonke yavela: uLysenkoism. U-Trofim Lysenko wayengusosayensi ongenalutho onethonya elikhulu lezombangazwe, ayelikhuphukela phezulu kwezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaseSoviet , futhi ngo-1930 waba yinhloko ye-Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Lapha wachaza umbono wakhe wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngezindlela zokucindezela - "indlela kaMichurinsky", uhlobo lwe-Neolamarcism, kanye nezisetshenziswa zezakhi zofuzo ezazingavumelani nalesi sikhundla. I-Michurinism yaba "yi-biology entsha", eyakufanelekela ngokubambisana, ngoba ipolitiki ehlangene ne-pseudoscience. Lysenkoism yaphela ngokomthetho ngo-1964.

I-Epigenetics - i-Lamarckism entsha?

Ngakho, ngombono ohlukile ekukhethweni kwemvelo, umbuzo uvaliwe. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka ka-2013, uJean-Baptiste Lamarck, onomthelela wezinto eziphilayo - uLamarckism - akazange abekezelele, wathola ithuba lokuvuselelwa. Khona-ke umsebenzi washicilelwa ngokusho ukuthi yimaphi amagundane, aqeqeshwe ukwesaba iphunga le-acetophenone, adlulisele leli khono ngefa. Umagazini i-New Scientist wabiza umsebenzi ukuthi isiqiniseko sefa lezinto ezitholakale zeLamarck. Yiqiniso, umphumela usekelwe ku-epigenetics - ukushintsha umsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo, kunokuba izakhi zofuzo ngokwayo, ezingaphikisani nokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaJean-Baptiste Lamarck ingabuye ivuselelwe.