Usilika Ukukhiqiza: Esikhathini Esidlule Nanamuhla

Izimpikiswano mayelana lapho kasilika inqubo ukukhiqizwa iye waqala, kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, imivubukulo eChina siye, eqinisweni, ungase uqede kule ndaba - izicubu izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, wathola ngo-1958 esifundazweni Shandong, empumalanga China, kuyinto emidala kakhulu esekhona kasilika izimpahla emhlabeni. Manje usilika uma ebizwa ngokuthi "iNkosi izicubu" futhi kwenza kwaba ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, futhi eziyigugu kakhulu futhi kuyabiza - material yemvelo, kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa umlando kanye namasiko of the Empire, Celestial.

Legend of unkosikazi zombusi

ukukhiqizwa Usilika e China has eminyakeni engaphezu kuka 6000. Umlando waleli Indwangu omangalisayo embozwe-legends. Ngokusho komunye wabo, umka-uMbusi Ophuzi Huang Di yimbe yayihlezi phansi kwesihlahla kamalibhele futhi aphuza itiye lapho indebe yakhe phansi ibhola omhlophe - umfece. I owesifazane othandwa kakhulu ukucabanga ngokubaluleka imihlola ehlukahlukene wabona ibhola ngentambo Fluffy elimhlophe livela ngamandla. Umoya ngentambo phezu isithupha, unkosikazi zombusi waqaphela ukuthi Imicu yotshani ezinjalo ingasetshenziswa ukwakha Indwangu. Njengoba waqala ukukhula amacimbi oda ngokuqondile.

Kamuva, China yasungulwa ngo uhlaka lokweluka indwangu bakudala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ukukhiqizwa usilika eChina zasendulo Inkathi Shang Dynasty ku XVI ekhulwini BC. e. It ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ngaphansi nesijeziso sokufa: imfihlo ukukhiqizwa Abeluki Chinese

amakhosi Chinese art yakhe igcinwe imfihlo isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane. Imfihlo ukukhiqizwa kasilika endulo iye kugcinwa kuyimfihlo kakhulu - emlandweni wesintu, kwaba omunye evikelwe kakhulu "izimfihlo ibhizinisi." Ukuvinjelwa zokuthumela amacimbi kasilika izibungu, imifece, imbewu kamalibhele isinyathelo ngaphansi kwesijeziso sokufa.

Nakuba ngalezo zinsuku, sinelungelo ngigqoke usilika imijiva kuphela ababusi kanye ukwazi isiko sericulture futhi filature yasheshe lonke China, nendwangu wathenga futhi abameleli besigaba esiphakathi nabampofu.

lendwangu ecolekile nezingubo babaziwa eliphezulu futhi umsebenzi omuhle. Kodwa akukho ukuzithiba, azihambisani nesijeziso ayikwazanga ukumisa kusengaphambili kasilika kwamanye amazwe.

Omkhulu Silk Road

imikhiqizo Usilika babé kuyingxenye ebalulekile namanye amazwe of the Empire, isiShayina. indwangu Okuyigugu alethwa eYurophu ngokusebenzisa Silk Road. Izimpahla ngokusebenzisa izintaba ezingwadule, amakamela, iminyuzi, futhi isithiyo akakwazanga ukumvimba izindwendwe kakhulu laden - okusanhlamvu okubalulekile baba bathembisa lezi zingane inzuzo enkulu.

Omkhulu Silk Road badabula Asia neYurophu, oxhumanisa izimpilo kanye ukuphila lwezizwe ngezizwe. Yaqala ku Yellow River Valley, edabula engxenyeni esentshonalanga iGreat Wall yaseChina kuya Issyk-Kul Lake. Ngokulandelayo, nezimfoloko endleleni nasenyakatho naseningizimu: komgwaqo eningizimu kwaholela Ferghana, Samarkand, Iraq, Iran, Syria kanye oLwandle iMediterranean, esenyakatho diverged ibe izingxenye ezimbili - owodwa waya Central Asia, kanye wesibili sifinyelela engezansi Syr Darya eMfuleni ngokuvutha West Kazakhstan , futhi skirting enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Black ulwandle eYurophu. Ubude ingqikithi Elikhulu Silk Road kwaba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-7000.

Kusukela ukukhiqizwa usilika uvele Korea ke eJapane, India, futhi ekugcineni, emazweni European Nombuso WaseRoma. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, Usilika Road ayekubona kuwumqondo omuhle ngempela ukuhweba global esenzweni. imizila yezohwebo we Silk Road wadala izinkulungwane zeminyaka. "Omunye ibhande, umgwaqo owodwa" - umbono kuyinto yesimanje kanye okwamanje: ngekhulu xxi siyavuka Inqubomgomo China ukuvuselela Silk Road ne izimali emigwaqweni, ngesivinini wesitimela nezimbobo, iqinisekisa nekusebenta ukukhiqizwa elisekela ngokuma okuvulekile zone lesifunda.

On the Silk Road ingatholakala kasilika Museum e Hangzhou esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Iqukethe inombolo enkulu yemikhiqizo eliyingqayizivele futhi izindengezi lasendulo amakhosi webs kanye bobudala obuhlukahlukene.

Izici ukukhiqizwa usilika

Nakuba ukwenziwa kasilika eChina yasendulo ngokuqinile bahlukanisa, ngokusho legend, izindela Roman bakwazi ngisho nokushushumbisa amacimbi kasilika imifece enhlokodolobha yase eMbusweni WaseByzantium, ngokuthi iConstantinople. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi okuhleliwe ngesikhathi IHlalankosi cocoonery (indawo yokuzalanisa izibungu we amacimbi kasilika) kanye winders kusungulwa. Imikhiqizo babe intengo fabulous - futhi lokhu kungenxa kushuba inqubo multi-esiteji lokuveza sesigcilikisha bese indwangu siphelile.

Ukufuya amacimbi futhi ukukhiqizwa usilika lidinga ukunakwa, kokusebenza kanzima futhi zokuqapha ngokucophelela.

Izigaba main zokukhiqiza

Uma thina ukuchaza ukukhiqizwa kasilika esifushane, kuyodingeka inqubo elandelayo. Butterfly amacimbi kasilika phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwawo, okuyinto Uthatha 4 kuya kwezingu 6, amaqanda angaba ngu-500. Izibungu amahlamvu kamalibhele wapha, zinenhliziyo emnyama omkhulu, isisindo sabo kwandisa ngokushesha. Phambili isibungu izibungu azungeze ngokwabo into okuyinto kuveza nezindlala lwabo olukhethekile. Ekuqaleni kukhona silky amabili nezikhwebu eziyizintshwamu ezincane, solidifying emoyeni. Ngokushesha emhlabeni Amaculo kwakhiwa obukhulu intambo inethiwekhi. Ukwakha isimo umfece, isibungu uthuthela isikhungo salo futhi kancane kancane bakha umfece - omhlophe ibhola Fluffy.

Ngemuva kwezinsuku 8-9, izibungu kudla imifece bacwilisa emanzini ashisayo ukuthola Strand. Ubude yabo kungaba kusuka ngamamitha 400 kuya kwezingu-1000 kanye ukushuba 10-12 microns. imicu eziningana osontekile amacimbi kasilika - iluhlaza. Okulandelayo, ntambo okuholela is ibe Indwangu. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi yokuthola izicubu abalulekile: ingubo yabesifazane kuthatha imifece mayelana 630.

I okunye nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji Chinese

I ntambo okuholela kwadingeka ukuba nilimaza phezu spool. Shelkokrutilnye wokuqala yasungulwa isondo ngisho ngesikhathi Ming BakwaHan. Ekhulwini XVIII e Jiangsu amakhosi ekhiqizwa imishini, lapho amasondo baqhutshwa phansi, bese kukhula umkhiqizo.

Khona-ke umshini womshini multi anemibala Indwangu krupnouzornoy sidalwe owawungumnyaka ukuqhubeka ubuchwepheshe. ukudoba usilika Chinese kwaba European izimisele kakhulu - umshini wokuqala, tkavshy usilika kuze kudabuke umhlane, uvele eJalimane kuphela ekhulwini XVI. Isidingo kasilika izindwangu esekhulile kokubili ngaphakathi China futhi emhlabeni wonke. Qhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa usilika nokukhanda - mlando emlandweni walesi Indwangu kuyinto ezihlangene ngayo ipumelelo yendwangu zobunjiniyela.

Filature kanye ukwelukwa: Esikhathini Esidlule Nanamuhla

Phakathi nenkathi kwezimboni kwekhulu XIX kwakukhona ukwehla European kasilika umkhakha. Eyesibili "kasilika umbuso" ngemva China baba Japan. Eshibhile usilika Japanese, ikakhulukazi sibonga kuvulwa Suez Canal, kwaba enye yezinto eziningi ukunciphisa izindleko isamba ke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela nezindwangu zokwenziwa ifikile ibe nethonya kule nguqulo womshini imikhiqizo efana amasokisi amade futhi parachutes.

izimpi zezwe ezimbili kuphazamisekile supply of izinto zokusetshenziswa Japan kanye ne-European kasilika umkhakha kusanesiminyaminya. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka in Japan, ukukhiqizwa usilika kwase kubuyiselwe, kukhona ngcono ikhwalithi impahla eluhlaza. Japan, kanye China wahlala omunye abakhiqizi omhlaba anothile kasilika ebomvu, cishe kuphela isithekelisi okukhulu 1970.

IChina kancane kancane kucatshangwe kabusha isikhundla salo njengoba umholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni kasilika futhi isithekelisi ntambo ebomvu, efakazela ukuthi umlando kasilika kulandela yayo izimiso boomerang. Namuhla ukhiqiza amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 125 kasilika emhlabeni. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ukukhiqizwa silethwa China. Okunye abakhiqizi ezinkulu - India, eJapane, eKorea, Thailand, eVietnam, Uzbekistan ne-Brazil. I-United States ongenisa elikhulu imikhiqizo kasilika.

I izakhiwo lendwangu yemvelo

Izihloko wenza kasilika yemvelo kufanele kube acwebezelayo futhi ethambile, futhi umbala - iyunifomu. indawo Kuhle ukuthenga usilika eChina - ku Suzhou, Hangzhou kanye Shanghai emhlabeni wonke bezentengiselwano osomabhizinisi uhlele kasilika izinkambo kuleli zwe.

Ukuthenga imikhiqizo eyenziwe kasilika yemvelo, kufanele kubhekwe:

• imikhiqizo usilika zidinga ngesandla egeza;
• amabala kwimikhiqizo kasilika kudingeka egqwalile ngokushesha emanzini abandayo nge yokuwasha ethambile;
• emva ukuwasha kumele kube uhlambulule olunzulu kanye nemikhiqizo mnene omiswe;
• yensimbi izingubo ezenziwe kasilika kufanele kube ezingeni lokushisa ongaphakeme (lumakwe ngokukhethekile phezu ezinsimbini);
• imikhiqizo elicwengiweyo noma kokuba ukuphrinta umbala kungcono ukuba aphe ilondolo;
• Gcina umkhiqizo esimweni engcono (hhayi plastic) futhi kude elangeni.

Ukuhambisana lawa mathiphu alula kuzosiza unaphakade ukulondoloza elikhanyayo fancy ikhabethe izinto zezimpahla ezanikelwa ngokwemvelo.

Rayon: izici umehluko

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, bavela okokuqala usilika yokufakelwa, ukukhiqiza yayo zilungisiwe kusukela fibre cellulose. . Indwangu ibizwa ngokuthi i-viscose.

izinhlobo Artificial and zokwenziwa kasilika izindwangu abe ayebuthaka esiyingqayizivele, zingabantu bushelelezi futhi iqine. Indlela ukuhlukanisa wemvelo izicubu wokufakelwa? Kaningi emakethe Ungathenga mbumbulu ngamanani amba eqolo.

Nanka amanye amathiphu kulokho ukubheka lapho ekhetha indwangu:

• impahla yemvelo buthambile futhi efudumele, ngokungafani yokufakelwa, cooler nokuncane ezithambile;
• Indwangu zemvelo kancane rumpled, ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa yokufakelwa namandla;
• izicubu zemvelo ngobumnene kukhanye futhi acwazimulayo, yokufakelwa - abe ayebuthaka abukhali;
• ekupheleni Ragged of intambo yokufakelwa like ibhulashi Fluff endwangwini, bese yemvelo - ku isixha ngabanye mini-Imicu yotshani;
• ezimanzi intambo rayon iphula kalula kuka owomile;
• indlela evutha intambo abanakwethenjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusebenzisa, kodwa iyona enokwethenjelwa kakhulu: ngentambo wemvelo sintered ku yasemanzini obukhulu, kuyashesha ukudlula futhi inuka wokushisa izinwele kanye ukusha yokufakelwa kuze kube sekupheleni, okwenza iphunga zokwenziwa evutha;
• sewebhu Artificial akusho shwabanisa, ngokungafani yemvelo;
• rayon cishe fade elangeni, kanye nezicubu zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulahlekelwa umbala fade.

Usilika kungenziwa ngokuthi umkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele ukuthi sesifikile kithi kusukela endulo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuhle nokuhlobana. Fashion izindlu emhlabeni wonke - Dolce & Gabbana, Valentino nabanye ukudala iqoqo esekelwe kasilika yemvelo, ujabula the Ongoti lasetulu kweqiniso ubuhle facets entsha izinga material - isipho imvelo indoda-master.