Akwaziwa wabahloli Arctic

Arctic wesulile esikhundleni sakhe esintwini ekuqa- le XIX futhi XX eminyaka. Lokhu kanzima onqenqemeni uphenyo daredevils ezivela emazweni amaningi: .. Russia, eNorway, eSweden, e-Italy, njll Umlando kokutholakala Arctic - akuyona kuphela yesayensi, kodwa futhi zemidlalo mncintiswano uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku.

Nils Nordenskiöld

isihloli Arctic uNils Nordenskiöld (1832-1901) wazalelwa e-Finland, Nokho-ke kwakungekaNkulunkulu Russia, ngokuba Swede ngokuzalwa, ngohambo lwakhe olwenziwa ngaphansi ifulege isiSwidi. Lapho esemusha wahambela abaningi Spitsbergen. Nordenskiöld waba ngowokuqala isihambi 'etsheleka' le Greenland ice ishidi. abacwaningi Zonke owaziwa ekuqaleni Arctic kwekhulu XX is kufanele babembheka njengoba ibhapathizwa of izikebhe wakhe.

Impumelelo eyinhloko Adolfa Nordenshelda kwaba ngohambo lwakhe kuya uMzila North-East ku 1878-1879 biennium. I ngesitimu "Vega" waba owokuqala ngoba lolu hambo kwaba kanye ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi Eurasia futhi ngokugcwele zagudla zwekazi elikhulu. Merit Nordenskjold kulinganiselwa inzalo - igama lakhe kunikezwa izici eziningi kwendawo ye-Arctic. Lena kuhlanganise leziqhingi eliseduze Taimyr kanye Gulf mayelana Umhlaba Omusha.

Robert Piri

Qamba Roberta Piri (1856-1920) - ikakhulukazi emlandweni mikhankaso polar. Nguye - isihloli lokuqala Arctic owanqoba North Pole. Ngo-1886, umhloli wamazwe ebekwe ukuwela Greenland ku isihlibhi. Nokho, emncintiswaneni walahlekelwa ukuba Fridtjof Nansen.

I wabahloli ke Arctic babe EXTREMALS umqondo nakakhulu kunalokho manje. Nokho kwakungekho imishini yesimanje, kanye daredevils kwadingeka usebenze cishe zifa. Uhlose ukuba anqobe North Pole, kaPeary nginquma ukushintsha ukuphila futhi emasikweni Eskimo. Ngenxa 'lokushintshisana kwezamasiko "American belahla ukusetshenziswa sleeping bag namatende. Kunalokho, kwakufanele iphendukele umkhuba yokwakha igloo.

Ikhaya Izikhangibavakashi Piri - ngohambo lwakhe lesithupha kuya Arctic e 1908-1909. Ithimba kufakwe 22 BaseMelika 49 Eskimo. Nakuba, njengoba umthetho, wabahloli Arctic bathunyelwa emikhawulweni yomhlaba, athi nezinjongo yesayensi, inkampani Piri aqukethe kuphela kusukela isifiso ukubeka irekhodi. North Pole yanqotshwa wabahloli-Ephreli 6, 1909.

Raul Amundsen

Ngokokuqala ngqá Raul Amundsen (1872-1928) baya e-Arctic e 1897-1899 GG., Lapho wathatha ingxenye owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo Belgian owawungumnyaka Itilosi elilodwa le mikhumbi. Ngemva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo Norway waqala ukulungiselela esihamba ezimele. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abacwaningi ye-Arctic ngokuyisisekelo nababehamba amaqembu big emikhunjini eziningana. Amundsen anquma ukuba sisuke kuleli umkhuba.

isihloli Polar wathenga yacht encane "Joa" futhi wabutha ibutho elincane ezingase ngokuzimela ukuziphilisa ngokuhlanza ukuzingela ukuhlangana. Lo mkhankaso wethulwa 1903. Iphuzu kokuqala kwaba amaNorseman iGreenland yokugcina - Alaska. Ngakho, owokuqala Raul Amundsen ngilinqobile Northwest uMzila - indlela yasolwandle ngokusebenzisa Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It waba yimpumelelo engakaze ibonwe. Ngo-1911, umhloli wamazwe lokuqala polar emlandweni wesintu ifinyelele-South Pole. Esikhathini esizayo, Amundsen balithanda ukusetshenziswa izindiza, kuhlanganise nezindiza futhi seaplanes. Umcwaningi wafa ngo-1928, ekufuneni bomkhankaso alukho Umberto Nobile.

Nansen

Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) baqala ukuhlola kwe-Arctic wentele kudlala nje. Ngenxa skater professional kanye skier, uneminyaka engu-27 ubudala wanquma unqamule izwe ukushushuluza elikhulu Greenland ice cap futhi umzamo wokuqala wenza umlando.

North Pole ingakamiswa unqotshwe kaPeary, Nansen futhi wanquma kuzuzwe iphuzu amthandayo, sintanta nje olwandle nge iqhwa kaseyili "Fram". Umkhumbi wawusengozini ukuthunjwa ice enyakatho Cape Chelyuskin. Ithimba polar waqhubeka ugibele, kodwa ngo-Ephreli 1895, lafinyelela degree angu-86 enyakatho nenkabazwe, yabuyela emuva.

Kamuva Fridtjof Nansen ukuba akwenze ku mikhankaso ukuphayona. Kunalokho, wabonisana yangena shí isayensi, ekubeni sezilwane ezivelele kanye umsunguli we izifundo zokuhlola. Isimo se- isibalo somphakathi owaziwa Nansen benenkinga ngemiphumela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-Europe. Wasiza ababaleki abavela emazweni ehlukene kanye belamba iVolga. Ngo-1922, umhloli wamazwe Norwegian Arctic unongorwana owaziwa ngeNobel Peace Prize.

Umberto Nobile

Italian Umberto Nobile (1885-1978) is hhayi nje njengomuntu wamazwe polar ezaziwayo. Igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa inkathi yokuchuma indiza. Amundsen, ngubani hit embonweni indiza emoyeni phezu kwezwe neNorth Pole, wahlangana nge onguchwepheshe emkhakheni yamabhanoyi Nobile ngo-1924. Kakade ngo-1926, inkampani Italy Argonaut zaseScandinavia futhi American isicebi ome njengeqanda Lincoln Ellsworth waya indiza epochal. I indiza "Norway" kulandelwe engakaze ibonwe umzila wokuqala eRome - North Pole - Alaska Peninsula.

Umberto Nobile waba iqhawe lesizwe, futhi za uMussolini wamenza ilungu jikelele kanye zokuhlonipha we wamaFascist Party. Impumelelo utshelwa kabusha umakhi nezindiza ukuhlela uhambo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-violin ngineminyaka kuqala umcimbi kudlalwa Italy (izindiza elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye liye labizwa ngokuthi "E-Italy"). Endleleni kusuka North Pole indiza iphahlazeka, ingxenye nezisebenzi wafa, Nobile ophulwa ice ophihliza iqhwa lakhe namaSoviet "Krasin".

Chelyuskinites

Chelyuskinites feat - ikhasi esiyingqayizivele emlandweni polar ukuhlola emingceleni. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso komzamo ukusungula navigation kanye uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. It waphefumulelwa usosayensi Otto Schmidt futhi uCaptain-polar uVladimir Voronin. Ngo-1933, bathumela ngesitimu "Chelyuskin" waqhubeka uhambo kanye ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi Eurasia.

Soviet wabahloli Arctic wafuna ukufakazela ukuthi uMzila oluseNyakatho ingadlulela hhayi kuphela imoto walungisa ngokukhethekile, kodwa futhi iloli elula. Yiqiniso, kwaba gembula, futhi kwacaca lahlwa e iBering Strait, lapho iqhwa kwakulimaze umkhumbi yaphahlazeka.

Amatilosi "Chelyuskin" ngokuxhamazela kuleyo ndawo futhi inhloko-dolobha ikhomishana uhulumeni ukuhlela wangisiza wabahloli polar yadalwa. Abantu sezibuyele ngendiza ibhuloho ngosizo izindiza. Umlando "Chelyuskin" nomsizi wakhe ngilinqobile izwe. Bashayeli, abatakuli wokuqala ukuthola isihloko Hero zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Georgy Sedov

Georgy Sedov (1877-1914) exhumene ukuphila kwabo nala ulwandle eseyinsizwa, langena Rostov amakilasi lokufundela ukushayela imikhumbi. Ngaphambi kokuba abe umhloli wamazwe Arctic, wahlanganyela empini Russian-Japanese, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho wayala isikebhe torpedo.

Lolu hambo lokuqala polar Sedov senzeka ngo-1909, lapho emchaza emlonyeni eMfuleni Kolyma. Khona-ke ayehlolisisa nomhlaba omusha (kuhlanganise Krestov yayo Guba). Ngo-1912, uLieutenant abaphezulu wasikisela ukuthi tsarist uhulumeni iphrojekthi sledge eviyweni, injongo okwakukhona North Pole.

Iziphathimandla zenqaba ukuba axhase okuyingozi. Khona-ke yena, waqoqela ndawonye imali izimali ngasese futhi uhambo namanje ihlelwe. umkhumbi wakhe "St Foka" wawuvalwe yiqhwa ngesikhathi Novaya Zemlya. Sedov ke waphathwa ukhwekhwe, kodwa namanje ephelezelwa nabangane eziningana waya isihlibhi ukuze North Pole. Polar wafa endleleni eduze Rudolf Island, lapho wangcwatshwa.

Valery Chkalov

Njalo nje abahloli bamazwe Russian Arctic ezihambisana ngemikhumbi sleighs futhi inja ledding. Nokho, igalelo lalo ekutadisheni izikhala elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye wenza pilot. The main umpetha Soviet Valeriy Chkalov (1904-1938) ngo-1937 wenza ngendiza yokuqala engami kusuka eMoscow kuya Vancouver nge-North Pole.

Buddy lamabutho umlawuli ku mission baba co-pilot Georgy Bajdukov kanye itilosi Alexander Belyakov. Amahora angaphezu 63 ka ANT-25 wenza yayo indlela ende 9000 amakhilomitha. Amaqhawe Vancouver elinde izintatheli ezazivela emhlabeni wonke, kanti uMengameli waseMelika Roosevelt uqobo wathola pilot e-White House.

Ivan Papanin

Cishe impela Ivan Papanin (1894-1896) - isihloli edume kakhulu Soviet Arctic. Uyise wayengumGreki abasebenzi Sevastopol port, akumangalisi ukuthi umfana ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni ovuthayo ulwandle. Enyakatho Papanin wabonakala okokuqala ngo-1931, ngokuvakashela emkhunjini "Malygin" Franz Josef Land.

inkazimulo Wemukelwe bamazwe Arctic weza sengineminyaka engu-44 ubudala. Ngo 1937-1938. Papanin kwaholela umsebenzi wokuqala emhlabeni ukukhukhuleka "North Pole" esiteshini. izinsuku 274 wachitha ososayensi abane phezu eqhweni, ubukele Umkhathi kanye hydrosphere ye-Arctic Ocean. Papanin waba Hero zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kabili.