Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto - kuyini? I postulates kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto. Isikhathi nendawo imfundiso wokuhlobana kwezinto

Emuva ngasekuqaleni 20 th khulu leminyaka laba washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Kuyini futhi ngubani kumdlali uyazi zonke wesikole namuhla. Kuyajabulisa ukuze ngisho nesithakazelo abantu abangekho neze nesayensi. Kulesi sihloko ngolimi kufinyeleleke uchaza theory wokuhlobana kwezinto: ukuthi kuyini, iziphi postulates yayo futhi izicelo.

Kuthiwa ukuze Albertu Eynshteynu, umdali, ukuqonda weza ngokushesha. Usosayensi kusolakala sigibele tram at laseBern, eSwitzerland. Wabuka iwashi emgwaqweni futhi wabona ukuthi iwashi uzoyeka uma tram ukuphuthumisa ukuba ijubane lokukhanya. Kulokhu-ke kwakungeke isikhathi. imfundiso wokuhlobana kwezinto ke ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Omunye postulates owasungulwa Einstein - izingqapheli ezahlukene azibonayo ehlukile ngokoqobo. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi isikhathi kanye nebanga.

Izimali isikhundla obuka sika

Ngalolo suku, Albert waqaphela ukuthi ulimi isayensi, incazelo yanoma iyiphi mkhuba ngokomzimba noma umcimbi kuxhomeke ekutheni obuka uku Uhlaka reference. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ikhona tram umgibeli izomashela amaphuzu, ehlatshwa maqondana ke iqonde phansi. Uma sibheka ngokombono emi emgwaqweni ngezinyawo, trajectory of the ukuwa uhambelana parabola, njengoba uhamba tram ngenkathi izibuko falling. Ngakho, uhlelo inkomba ngesikhathi wonke umuntu. Sinikeza sihlolisise Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo theory wokuhlobana kwezinto.

umthetho Okusatshalalisiwe traffic futhi isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uma uguqula incazelo ngezehlakalo ngokubala izinhlelo ziyahlukahluka, kukhona izinto jikelele ukuthi zinjalo. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, umuntu kufanele uzibuze mazingadangali amaphuzu, futhi umthetho ngokwemvelo, elibangela ukuba liwele. Ukuze noma ubani owayebukele, kungakhathaliseki ngokulandelana elihambayo noma uhlelo esimisiwe izixhumanisi kunjalo, impendulo zinjalo. Lo mthetho ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wokusabalalisa traffic. Kuyinto esebenzayo ngokulinganayo kule tram, futhi emgwaqweni. Ngamanye amazwi, uma incazelo zezenzakalo njalo kuncike ngubani ubabhekile, ke lokhu akusebenzi imithetho yemvelo. Ababona, njengoba uzwakalise kuchazwa ngolimi lwesayensi, invariant. Ukuthi lokhu Lesimiso sokuhlobana.

Amabili theory ka-Einstein ye

Lomgomo, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye umbono, kwakudingekile ukuba isheke wokuqala, ngokuqhathanisa ngayo zemvelo asebenzayo empeleni yethu. Einstein etholakala 2 imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Yize bengabantwana ahlobene, kodwa ezibhekwa ehlukile.

Oyimfihlo noma ekhethekile kwezinto theory (SRT) kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi, kuzo zonke izinhlobo inkomba izinhlelo, okuyizinto isivinini njalo, imithetho yemvelo ziyafana. kwezinto Jikelele (GR) Lesi simiso sisebenza nasemadodeni yimuphi uzimele reference, kuhlanganise nalezo ezingasebenzisi ukuhambisa ne ukusheshisa. Ngo-1905, u-Albert Einstein enyathelisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kuqala. Eyesibili, uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuya apharathasi zezibalo, eyaqedwa ngo-1916. Ukudalwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto, SRT futhi GRT, kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni physics. Ake ukugxila ngamunye wabo.

ithiyori okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto

Kuyini, kuyini essence yayo? Ake siphendule lo mbuzo. Kuyinto lo mbono ubikezela imiphumela eminingi nakuba okuphambene intuitions yethu mayelana nokuthi izwe isebenza. Lezi imiphumela ukuthi zenzeka lapho ijubane osondela ngejubane lokukhanya. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kuzo umphumela isikhathi Ukuvuleka komlomo (iwashi). Okubukiwe lihamba isihlobo umuntu obuka, kukhona kancane naleyo kusezandleni zaKhe ngaye.

Esikhathini Ukudidiyela uhlelo ezihambayo ngejubane eduze ngejubane lokukhanya, kokuba welulela isihlobo umuntu obuka, nobude izinto (Spatial ngokwezinga) Ngokuphambene, onomfutho kanye isiqondiso eksisi bale nhlangano. Lokhu ososayensi umphumela shayela-Fitzgerald ukusikwa Lorentz. Nokho ngo-1889, nguye owachaza Dzhordzh Fitsdzherald, i-physics Italy. Futhi 1892, uHendrik Lorentz, a umDashi, enezezela. Lo mphumela uchaza umphumela omubi, onikeza Michelson-Morley sokuhlola, lapho Isivinini planethi emkhathini kunqunywa yokulinganisa "umoya aether". Lawa Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo theory wokuhlobana kwezinto (ekhethekile). Einstein kulekelelwa lezi zibalo ifomula isisindo ukuguqulwa eyenziwe Isifaniso. Ngokusho kwalo, ngoba njengoba ijubane umzimba osondela ngejubane lokukhanya, isisindo umzimba kwandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ijubane 260k. Km / s, isb 87% ngejubane lokukhanya, kusukela ngokombono womuntu obuka ngubani umile inkomba Uhlaka, kabili nenqwaba into.

isiqinisekiso STO

Wonke la malungiselelo, noma kuphambene ingqondo, ukuze isikhathi Einstein ngokuqondile futhi ngokugcwele ukuqinisekisile ucwaningo eziningi. Omunye wabo yabamba abacwaningi-University of Michigan. Lokhu experiment ukwazi waqinisekisa theory wokuhlobana kwezinto ngo-physics. Abacwaningi ibekwe ebhodini endizeni, okuyinto njalo wenza izindiza enqamula, ultra-eqondile kuma-atomic clock. Njalo ngemva kokubuyela ubufakazi kulawa mahora zahlolwa ukuthi azinazo yini ne control sezindiza. Kwavela ukuthi iwashi indiza isikhathi ngasinye ezingasho abasasilele emuva izilawuli. Yiqiniso, kwaba kuphela izibalo ezincane, amafraktjhini yomzuzwana, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi abalulekile kakhulu.

I last abacwaningi eminyakeni engamashumi basafunda aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana namafutha - elikhulu hardware izakhiwo. Kulezi imishayo electron noma proton, okusho, icala izinhlayiya subatomic yashesha nje cha sondelana ijubane lokukhanya. Ngemuva kwaloko letinhlavu ezibakhungathekisayo target zenuzi. Kulezi ukuhlolwa, kudingeka ucabangele iqiniso lokuthi mass izinhlayiya inyuka, kungenjalo imiphumela ukuhlola akukwazi kuhunyushwa. Kulesi sici, isikhathi eside SRT ubelokhu hhayi nje umbono yezinto. Sekuvele omunye amathuluzi asetshenziswa ubunjiniyela osetshenziswayo, kanye nemithetho Newton sika Mechanics. Izimiso ze-theory wokuhlobana kwezinto ezitholakala ukusetshenziswa okukhulu ezingokoqobo namuhla.

imithetho STO futhi Newton

Ekhuluma imithetho Newton (portrait usosayensi ethulwa ngenhla), kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imfundiso okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto, okuyinto ezibonakala iyaphikisana kubo, empeleni eveza le zibalo kwemithetho Newton cishe ncamashi, uma isetshenziswa ukuchaza umzimba ogama ijubane lokuya kancane kakhulu kunalokho ngejubane lokukhanya. Ngamanye amazwi, uma usebenzisa kwezinto ekhethekile, i-physics Newton kungelona kukhanselwe. Lo mbono, ngokuphambene, sigcwalisa luqhubeke ke.

Ijubane lokukhanya - njalo jikelele

Ukusebenzisa isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto, umuntu angabona ukuthi kungani linendima ebalulekile kuyinto ngejubane lokukhanya, kunokuba yini enye kule imodeli emhlabeni isakhiwo. Lo mbuzo owabuzwa labo nje ekuqaleni ujwayele physics. Ijubane lokukhanya kuyinto njalo jikelele ngoba kuchazwa kanjalo ngumthetho wemvelo (okwengeziwe ngale kungatholakala ngokutadisha uMaxwell zibalo). Ijubane lokukhanya e cleaner, ngenxa Lesimiso sokuhlobana, kunoma iyiphi Uhlaka okuyinkomba okufanayo. Ungase ucabange ukuthi kuphambene ingqondo. Ke lokho kusho ukuthi umuntu obuka ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba ukukhanya kuvela emthonjeni esinqunyiwe noma kusuke ezihambayo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihamba nge velocity). Nokho, akuyona. Ijubane lokukhanya, sibonga indima yayo ekhethekile kunikezwa endaweni emaphakathi ekhethekile hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kwezinto jikelele. Futhi ngako.

Theory Jikelele ye-Relativity

Isetshenziselwa, njengoba sishilo, ukuze bonke inkomba ozimele akusito yalabo abanhliziyo ijubane ezinyakazayo isihlobo komunye nomunye kuyinto njalo. Izibalo, lo mbono ubukeka nzima kakhulu kunokuba ekhethekile. Lokhu kuchaza yokuthi phakathi izincwadi zabo Sekudlule iminyaka engu-11. GTR kufaka ekhethekile njengoba icala ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, imithetho Newton nazo ingxenye yalo. Nokho, kwezinto jikelele kudlulela ngalé ezazingaphambi kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, it is wachaza adonsela phansi entsha.

ubukhulu wesine

Siyabonga emhlabeni ezine-ntathu isiba GRT: Isikhathi ukungezwa izilinganiso ezintathu ngekwendzawo. Bonke bangabangasokile nolimi, ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhuluma hhayi mayelana ibanga ngekwendzawo okukhona emhlabeni ngakuthathu phakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Manje uyaqhubeka ngezikhawu spatio-yesikhashana emkhatsini imicimbi ehlukene, ekuhlanganiseni ibanga kokubili ngekwendzawo nezesikhasana kubo komunye nomunye. Ngamanye amazwi, isikhathi nendawo imfundiso wokuhlobana kwezinto ezibhekwa njengoba continuum ezine-ntathu. It singachazwa ngokuthi isikhala-time. Lokhu continuum of ababebukele ngubani lihamba isihlobo komunye nomunye, kuyodingeka imibono ehlukene, ngisho mayelana nanoma yiziphi izenzakalo ezimbili, noma omunye wabo uma kwakukhona kokubili kwandulelwe omunye. Nokho, ubuhlobo esiyimbangela is umthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba khona kwalezi a Ukudidiyela uhlelo, lapho izenzakalo ezimbili zenzeka ukulandelanisa ezahlukene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ayivumeli ngisho GR.

kwezinto Jikelele kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele

Ngokomthetho kwamandla adonsela phansi jikelele, sitholwe Newton, amandla sisakhangana likhona yonke phakathi yimuphi izindikimba ezimbili. Umhlaba kulokhu kuma uzungeza ilanga, ebe, njengoba kukhona amabutho Luhambo phakathi kwazo. Noma kunjalo, imfundiso jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto kwenza ukubukeka ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze lesi simo. Gravity, ngokuvumelana mbono - phetho "ugobile" (ukusonteka) isikhala-time, okuyinto waphawula ngaphansi kwethonya mass. Umzimba kusinda (e isibonelo sethu, ilanga), kulapho "flex" ngaphansi kwakhe isikhala-time. Ngakho, layo ensimini okudonsa kuyinto eqinile ngakho.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono okushiwo theory wokuhlobana kwezinto, cabanga ukuqhathanisa. I izwe, ngokuvumelana nakho kwezinto jikelele, uzungeza ilanga, ebe, like a ibhola kancane ukuthi Rolls azungeze wentaba Isigaxa, kwakheka ngenxa "zenza" isikhala-isikhathi nelanga. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi sasivame ukuthatha amandla adonsela phansi empeleni ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle yokuthi ugobile, hhayi ngenkani, ngomqondo Newton. incazelo Better lomkhuba gravity kuka ehlongozwayo GRT, kuze kube manje ayitholakalanga.

Izindlela zokuhlola kwezinto jikelele

Qaphela ukuthi GRT akulula ukuhlola, ngoba kuphumela elabhorethri cishe athobele umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Nokho, ososayensi kwakusadingeka eziningi ucwaningo ebalulekile. Imiphumela yabo basikisela ukuthi ithiyori Einstein kuqinisekisiwe. GRT futhi okusizayo ekuchazeni izenzakalo ezahlukene ebonwe isikhala. Lokhu, isibonelo, ngeziphambeko elincane Mercury kusuka ngaphakathi wo orbit umile. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa Mechanics Newton classical abakwazi ukuchaza kubo. Lokhu kubuye kungani emisebeni kagesi okuvela ezinkanyezini ezikude kungabonakali uzimisele awugibele lapho udlula ilanga.

Imiphumela babebikezele kwezinto jikelele, eqinisweni, ezihluke kakhulu kulezo ezinikeza imithetho Newton (portrait wakhe uvezwa ngenhla) kuphela uma kukhona amasimu superstrong okudonsa izinto. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqedele ukuqinisekiswa wokuhlobana kwezinto jikelele kudinga noma ngabe izibalo ezinembile kakhulu mass elikhulu lezinto, noma ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu, ngoba izethulo zethu komkhuba maqondana nabo engasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuhlola ukuhlola lo mbono ingenye imisebenzi esemqoka ye physics zanamuhla zokuhlola.

Izingqondo ososayensi abaningi, nabantu neze nesayensi ithatha adalwe theory ka-Einstein ye kwezinto. Kuyini, sakhuluma kafushane. Lo mbono uphendulela imibono yethu ajwayelekile mayelana nezwe, ngakho isithakazelo kuyo ingakamiswa ucime.