Benthos - a ... plankton, nekton, benthos

Plankton, nekton, benthos - amaqembu amathathu ukuthi zinganikezwa zonke izidalwa zasemanzini. Plankton ifomu ulwelwe nezilwane ezincane ukuthi elintantayo eduze kwamanzi. Nekton siqukethe izilwane ezingaba ngenkuthalo ukubhukuda yehle emanzini, kungcono inhlanzi, izimfudu, imikhomo, oshaka nabanye. Benthos - kukhona eziphilayo ezihlala izingqimba aphansi olwenzeka endaweni yasemanzini. Kuhlanganisa izilwane, nemvelo ehlangene phansi, bahlanganisa echinoderms eziningi, izinhlanzi demersal, ezinamagobolondo, molluscs, annelids , nokunye.

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphila emanzini

izilwane Marine zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: plankton, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton ethulwa ukukhukhuleka izilwane ngokuvamile yayincane, kodwa bangakhula babe ngempela usayizi esikhulu (isib, jellyfish). Zooplankton kungase futhi zifaka phakathi amafomu yesikhashana elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu eziphilayo obungase bukhule futhi ushiye umphakathi plankton futhi bajoyina amaqembu ezifana nekton, benthos.

Nekton ekilasini yakha ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke izilwane eziphilayo olwandle. A ezihlukahlukene izinhlanzi, ingwane, imikhomo, eels, amahlengethwa, futhi squid - zonke izibonelo nekton. Lesi sigaba ezahlukene kuhlanganisa eziningi izidalwa ezahlukene kakhulu ukuthi sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye by criteria amaningi.

Uyini benthos? Uhlobo lwesithathu izilwane zasolwandle ukuthi ukuchitha impilo yabo yonke ekujuleni kolwandle. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa ama-lobster, starfish, izimpethu ahlukahlukene, iminenke, oyster nabanye abaningi. Ezinye zalezi zilwane, ezifana lobster futhi iminenke Ungahambisa ngokuzimela kanye phansi, kodwa indlela yabo yokuphila ukuze ehambisana phansi olwandle, ukuthi akukho abebengakwenza ukuze usinde kude kule ndawo. Benthos - kukhona eziphilayo ezihlala ekujuleni kolwandle futhi kuhlanganisa izitshalo, izilwane namagciwane.

Plankton - ifomu evamile yokuphila imvelo yasemanzini

Uma ukucabanga ngokuphila olwandle, ngokuvamile kusuke kuwukuthi bonke izinhlangano e ehlangene izinhlanzi ngandlela-thile, nakuba eqinisweni izinhlanzi - hhayi ifomu evamile ekuphileni olwandle. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo yilona plankton. Kulawa amanye amaqembu amabili - nekton (izilwane ngenkuthalo ebhukuda) kanye benthic (eziphilayo abahlala ngezansi).

zinhlobo Iningi plankton ezincane kakhulu ukubona ngeso lenyama.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko of plankton

• Phytoplankton oveza ukudla ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Iningi lawo abantu ulwelwe ezahlukene.
• Zooplankton, okuyinto zidla phytoplankton. Kuhlanganisa izilwane ezincane nenhlanzi izibungu.

Plankton: ulwazi olujwayelekile

Plankton - izakhamuzi ezincane imvelo izinhlanzi. Bangabaholi izingxenye ezibalulekile eziwukudla imvelo yasemanzini, ngoba yenza umsoco nektonic (ezinamagobolondo, squid) futhi benthos (ulwandle isipanji). Baphinde babe nomthelela emhlabeni wonke phezu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, njengoba ibhalansi izingxenye emkhathini woMhlaba ixhomeke umsebenzi wabo photosynthesis.

Igama elithi "plankton" livela esiGrekini Planktos, okusho "ezidukayo" noma "ukukhukhuleka". Iningi plankton uchitha khona kwakhe, elintantayo nge yolwandle. Nokho, akubona bonke izinhlobo olwandle, amafomu amaningi ungakwazi ukulawula ukunyakaza kwabo, futhi ukuphila kwazo kuncike cishe ngokuphelele ukuzimela.

Ubukhulu kanye nabamele plankton

Ngobukhulu plankton kuyahlukahluka kusuka emagciwaneni ezincane ubude okuyinto 1 micrometer ukuba jellyfish insimbi kabani gelatinous lingafika ku 2 amamitha ububanzi, kanye tentacles ongalinikeza ezingaphezu kuka-15 metres. Nokho, iningi eziphilayo planktonic yizilwane esingaphansi 1 milimitha ubude. Zikhona ngezithukuthuku umsoco amanzi olwandle futhi ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Abamele plankton ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, ezifana ulwelwe, ama-bacterium, lenyama, isibungu kwezilwane ezithile kanye ezinamagobolondo. protists Iningi planktonic kukhona eukaryotes, eziphilayo ikakhulu unicellular. Plankton zingahlukaniswa zibe phytoplankton, zooplankton nezinto ezincane eziphilayo (amagciwane). Phytoplankton wenza photosynthesis futhi zooplankton emelelwa abathengi heterotrophic.

nekton

Abamele nekton kukhona ababhukudi asebenzayo futhi ngokuvamile izinto eziphilayo ezaziwa kakhulu amanzi olwandle. Lawa izilwane ezidla ezinye lomcoka kakhulu zasolwandle amaketanga ukudla. Umehluko phakathi nekton ne-plankton akuzona njalo abukhali. Izilwane eziningi ezinkulu (isib tuna) ukuchitha esiteji zabo elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu ngesimo plankton, kuyilapho esigabeni omdala nekton mikhulu futhi esebenzayo.

Iningi nekton kukhona ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, le nhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane ezincelisayo, molluscs kanye ezinamagobolondo. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke siqukethe inhlanzi, ingqikithi zikhona cishe 16.000 zinhlobo. Nekton ihlangabezana zonke ukudepha nokunaba kolwandle. Imikhomo, ama-penguin seal abameleli ejwayelekile nektonic emanzini polar. Izinhlobonhlobo esikhulu kunazo zonke nekton atholakala amanzi emvula.

Ifomu onhlobonhlobo zokuphila nokubaluleka kwalo kwezomnotho

Lokhu kuhlanganisa futhi esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni-Earth, blue whale, okuyinto lukhula kuze kufinyelele 25-30 metres ubude. Lezi ziqhwaga, kanye nezinye imikhomo baleen zidla plankton futhi micronekton. Laba bameleli be-elikhulu nekton kukhona oshaka whale, okuyinto ukufinyelela ubude 17 metres, kanye imikhomo toothed (Orcas), ushaka omkhulu omhlophe, ihlosi ushaka, bluefin tuna, kanye nabanye.

Nekton oluyisisekelo zokudoba emhlabeni wonke. Anchovies, i-herring, lenhlanzi ngokuvamile abaphakathi kwengxenye yesine kokukodwa yokuvuna yonyaka kolwandle. Kwezomnotho nekton eyigugu futhi squid. I-halibut ne-cod inhlanzi demersal, ezinenani commercial ukudla abantu. Njengomthetho, bona misela amanzi eshalofini ezwekazini.

benthos

Iyini incazelo yegama elithi "benthos"? Igama elithi "benthos" livela esiGrekini Ibizo Bentos futhi lisho "ekujuleni kolwandle." Lo mqondo isetshenziswa biology ukuchaza umphakathi eziphilayo phansi olwandle, kanye lezo zidumbu angenasawoti ngokuthi amachibi, imifula nemifudlana.

eziphilayo Benthic kungenziwa labizwa ngekwesayizi. Ukuze zihlanganisa macrobenthos eziphilayo engaphezu kuka-1 milimitha. Lena ezahlukene gastropods, bivalves, ulwandle iminduze, okuzingela ulwandle izinkanyezi iminenke. Organisms nge osayizi ezisukela 0.1 kuya 1 mm kukhona amagciwane ezinkulu alawula phansi ngamaketanga ukudla, enza indima biogenic imfucuza ukushisa, imikhiqizo eyinhloko futhi umhlaseli. Isigaba kuhlanganisa microbenthos eziphilayo ezincane kuno 1 milimitha, ke diatoms, amagciwane ciliates. Akubona bonke eziphilayo benthic abahlala inzika, eminye imiphakathi bukhoma ku substrates enamadwala.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene benthic

1. Infauna - eziphilayo ezihlala ekujuleni kolwandle, wangcwatshwa isihlabathi noma ecashile amagobolondo. Sinenkosi ukuhamba elinganiselwe kakhulu, abahlala inzika bavezwa imvelo futhi abe impela isilinganiso sobude bokuphila eside. Lezi zihlanganisa ulwandle amagobolondo ezihlukahlukene shellfish.
2. Epifauna bangaphila uhambahambe phezu phansi ekujuleni kolwandle, kuwo enamathiselwe. Bahlala ngu axube amadwala noma inhlabathi ezihambayo kanye ebusweni. It izipanji, ama-oyster, iminenke, starfish nezinkalankala.
3. Organisms ezihlala ekujuleni kolwandle, kodwa kungase futhi zasemanzini ngenhla ke. Lezi zihlanganisa ezithambile phansi inhlanzi - puffers, ulwe usebenzisa ezinamagobolondo futhi izimpethu njengoba nanjengomthombo wokudla.

Uxhumano phakathi izinhlanzi kanye imvelo benthic

Benthos - eziphilayo lapho zifeza indima ebalulekile emphakathini zasolwandle begazi. zinhlobo Benthic Uyi qembu labantu abahlukahlukene, okuyinto isixhumanisi lomcoka eziwukudla. Bona ukuhlunga amanzi kusesho imali ukudla kukhona izinto ekhishiwe organic, kanjalo ukuhlanza amanzi. Ezansi ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle kuthiwa imali izinto engasetshenziswanga organic, iziphi ke asesetshenziswe futhi wabuyela eziphilayo benthic kukholamu amanzi. Le nqubo ezilamatshe aligugu of udaba eziphilayo iwumthombo obalulekile nomsoco kanye kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqiza eliphezulu eyinhloko.

Imiqondo izinhlanzi kanye benthic ezindaweni zihlobe- ngemibandela eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, plankton izinhlanzi ziwumthombo obalulekile ukudla izilwane ezihlala emhlabathini esithambile noma omahhadla. Anemones futhi barnacles ukukhonza njengokubuka kwesihlungi zemvelo ezizungezile amanzi. Ukwakhiwa izinhlanzi imvelo nakho kwenziwe ezansi ngokusebenzisa moulting imikhiqizo crustacean kanye exchange of plankton efile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, plankton yakha inhlabathi zasolwandle njengoba bemivubukulo ezisetshenziswa ukucacisa yobudala kanye umsuka amatshe.

izilwane zasemanzini ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka yazo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indawo yemvelo lezi zilwane has nethonya elinamandla endleleni ukuziphendukela kwaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labo kahle ngiyijwayele impilo endaweni ethile bona bahlala. Uyini umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwala maqembu amabili, ngokuthi plankton, benthos futhi nekton?

Plankton - izilwane ezincane noma encane uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili. Nekton is ngokukhululekile elintantayo izilwane. Uyini benthos? Lokhu kuhlanganisa indlela sebehamba ngokukhululeka besuka ezweni, futhi labo eziphilayo ungameli khona kwabo ngaphandle ekujuleni kolwandle. Kuthiwani eziphilayo ezihlala ikakhulukazi phansi, kodwa futhi kungenza ukubhukuda - ngwane, sawfish, ulwe? lezo zinhlobo zokuphila singangena ngokufanele ngokuthi nektobentosom.