Ubuchopho obuphakathi: umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo. Imisebenzi ubuchopho obuphakathi futhi cerebellum

Ngo inqubo kokufunda ngendlela ubuchopho washintsha ngokuhamba kwemvelo, kwaba ukuthuthukisa imibono mayelana nokuba khona amazinga ayo amathathu. Esokuqala kulezi zicelo (aphakeme) kuyinto anterior. Kuhlanganisa basal basal ganglia, cortex cerebral, diencephalic Front ubuchopho olfactory. UMnyango Ephakathi libhekisela ezingeni isilinganiso. A kungokwalabo aphansi umnyango ezingemuva esakhiwa medulla oblongata, cerebellum futhi Pons.

Isilinganiso ubuchopho umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo esizokucabangela ngokuningiliziwe, ithuthukiswe ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya yokwamukela ezibukwayo ngokuhamba phylogeny. Ngakho-ke, ebaluleke kunazo zonke lasungulwa kukhona innervation esweni.

Iphinde kwakheka izikhungo ukuzwa esikhathini esizayo, kanye Izikhungo yene bakha indunduma 4 ophahleni ubuchopho obuphakathi. Isakhiwo ke, sizoxoxa ngezansi. A umsebenzi phakathi nobuchopho ezichazwe nengxenye yalesi sihloko yesibili.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ubuchopho obuphakathi

izikhungo Visual futhi sokuzwa ukuthi kukhona kuwo, waba subcortical, Lesisemkhatsini, kanye esimweni okhonzile nge ukuvela kwabantu nezilwane ephakeme ekupheleni cortical okubonakalayo kanye analyzers sokuzwa e cortex forebrain. Development abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo ephakeme i forebrain kuye kwasho ukuthi izindlela ukuthi ukuxhuma cortex nge ukuphela umgogodla, waqala ukuba adabule phakathi nawo-ubuchopho, ogama imisebenzi zishintshile kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, lona wamuva yilezi:

- izikhungo subcortical sokuzwa;

- izikhungo subcortical ezibukwayo, kanye nerve nuclei ukuthi innervate imisipha iso;

- zonke ukwehla futhi inyuka izindlela ukuthi ukuxhuma emgogodleni cortex cerebral udabula phakathi zokuthutha umphakathi;

- izinyanda ndaba ezimhlophe ohlanganisa ubuchopho obuphakathi nge iminyango ehlukahlukene we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

isakhiwo

Isilinganiso ubuchopho umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo lapho sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo, kuyinto emnyangweni esakhiwe kakhulu nje futhi ezincane kunazo zonke (esithombeni ngenhla lumakwe in brown). Kukhona okulandelayo izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

- imilenze, elinabantu abaningi abangazimisele izindlela;

- izikhungo subcortical umbono nokuzwa.

ophahleni ubuchopho obuphakathi

Ophahleni ubuchopho obuphakathi, amaphiko ingxenye, zazifihlwa ngaphansi callosum Corpus (ukuphela ngemuva). It is ihlukaniswe yaba 4 ahlelwe indunduma pairwise ngu anemifantu ezimbili (transverse kanye longitudinal) edlulisela crosswise. Phezulu ezimbili amagquma - izikhungo subcortical umbono, futhi phansi ezimbili - ukuzwa. Phakathi protuberance eliphezulu inkatho kuyinto pineal flat. Yiphathe indunduma iqondiswe singatsheki, phezulu kanye anteriorly, kuya ebuchosheni Lesisemkhatsini. It sihamba njalo indunduma. Isibambo ngesiduli engenhla ingaphansi umcamelo we thalamus e isiqondiso lateral geniculate umzimba. Knob phansi ubalekela ngaphansi medial geniculate umzimba. emizimbeni Geniculate, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, ezakho phakathi futhi kudlulele ebuchosheni Lesisemkhatsini.

ubuchopho stem

Selichaza isilinganiso Ubuchopho bomuntu umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo. Into elandelayo ngigxila - imilenze yakhe. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu ventral ingxenye, equkethe zonke izindlela okuholela forebrain. Qaphela ukuthi imilenze ezimbili semicylindrical obukhulu Strand elimhlophe, i-engeli etshiyeneyo kusukwa kwebhuloho futhi egxilile Nenkabazwe.

Uyini umgodi we ubuchopho obuphakathi?

amagama amaningi kungatholakala kulesi sigaba, njengoba anatomy we ubuchopho obuphakathi. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi yayo adinga incazelo ukunemba azinabo ngokwesayensi. Sigodle amagama ayinkimbinkimbi Latin kwasala imigomo eyisisekelo. Ukwazana lokuqala kwanele.

Ake sithi amazwi ambalwa nje phakathi komgodi ingqondo. Kuyinto isiteshi emincane futhi libizwa amapayipi amanzi. Isiteshi uphahlwe ne ependyma, ke lincane, ubude 1.5-2 cm. Brain ipayipi uxhuma eyesine ventricle lwesithathu. ITire imilenze kukhawulela amaphiko ayo ventral futhi - ophahleni ubuchopho obuphakathi.

Izingxenye ubuchopho obuphakathi ku cross-Sectional

Siyaqhubeka indaba yethu. Izici zobuchopho bomuntu isilinganiso kungenziwa kangcono ngokucabangela ke, futhi cross-section. Kulokhu, izingxenye ezintathu ezilandelayo main zihlukaniswa kuwo

- ikhava ipuleti;

- isondo;

- Umnyango ventral, okungukuthi, base imilenze.

Kanti i-nuclei we ubuchopho obuphakathi

Ngaphansi kwethonya yokwamukela optic njengokukhuluma athuthukile nuclei ubuchopho obuphakathi ehlukahlukene kulo. Imisebenzi nuclei ubuchopho obuphakathi basonta innervation esweni. colliculus Uphakeme Ngazo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo aphansi ngokuyinhloko indawo lapho emsipheni optic iphela, kanye eziyisisekelo isikhungo ezibukwayo. Ngo abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo nge ezokuthutha kuleli forebrain kwamathekisthi abukelwayo ukuxhumana izikhungo ezisele phakathi indunduma engenhla, futhi emsipheni optic, kuyaphawuleka kuphela ingqondo. I medial geniculate umzimba, kanye nengaphakathi ngesiduli aphansi anqamule fibre ukuzwa iluphu. Uphahla ephakathi ixhuma ku-umgogodla izibopho zamazwe amabili. I plate ophahleni angabhekwa iphuzu reflex iminyakazo lapho kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya ezishukumisa sokuzwa nokubukwayo.

Ngemuva kunomsele cerebral

Lizungezwe central grey imfuyo, e imisebenzi yayo okuhlobene ohlelweni autonomic. Ngaphansi nodonga lwawo ventral isondo empandni ingqondo, kukhona ezimbili core cranial motor izinzwa.

I-nucleus ye-nerve oculomotor

It liqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezahlukene innervation kwemisipha extraocular. Posteriorly futhi medially kuwo itholakala kancane extra fresh nucleus vegetative futhi aphansi namaphakathi ayibhangqiwe. lesemkhatsini ayibhangqiwe core ezengeziwe innervate imisipha iso, okuyizinto okungalindelekile. Thina ubheke le ngxenye emsipheni oculomotor ohlelweni parasympathetic. Rostral ukuba (ngenhla) le oculomotor ezinzwa nuclei elise ubuchopho stem isondo medial longitudinal ugongolo core.

ubuchopho stem

Basuke ihlukaniswe imilenze isizinda (ventral) bese siphelelwa. Black izidakamizwa ukhonza njengelungu therebetween umngcele. umbala waso nakanjani melanin - sombala omnyama, okuyinto eziqukethwe ezinzwa ezihlanganisa ke. Tegmentum - kungcono ingxenye yayo, okuyinto phakathi nigra substantia nophahla. Isuka kusukela maphakathi tegmental indlela. Lokhu phansi kwelivi kwemizwa indlela, esemgwaqweni tegmentum (central okuyingxenye). Ngo oyiyo - imicu abahamba nucleus obomvu, Globus pallidus, le reticular kumiswa ngobuchopho thalamus ukuba phakathi omnqumo kumiswa reticular we oblongata medulla. Le ndlela iyingxenye uhlelo extrapyramidal.

Imisebenzi ubuchopho obuphakathi

Yena ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukwakheka kanye ukufakwa ekulungiseni ikhaliphe ezenza ukuhamba kungenzeka futhi ukuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi maphakathi no-kobuchopho okulandelayo:-ke ulawula imisipha ithoni ehilelekile nokusakazwa kwayo. A luyimfuneko ukunyakaza esihlelwe. Omunye umsebenzi - sibonga kuye, kukhona ukulawulwa eziningi izinqubo vegetative (nokugwinya, ukuhlafuna ukuphefumula, umfutho wegazi). Ngenxa aqaphe ikhaliphe sokuzwa nokubukwayo, kanye okwandisa ithoni ubuchopho obuphakathi flexor (esithombeni ngenhla kuqokonyiswe abomvu) silungiselela umzimba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi impendulo kungazelelwe yavela ukucasuka. ikhaliphe Statokinetic futhi static ziyafezeka ezingeni layo. ikhaliphe Tonic ukunikeza rebalancing indlela yekuma, owahletjhulwa ngenxa yezinguquko isikhundla. Babonakala lapho isikhundla ekhanda nasemzimbeni emkhathini siyashintsha ngenxa excitation ka-receptor proprioceptive futhi ethintekayo etholakala esikhunjeni. Zonke lezi nemisebenzi ubuchopho obuphakathi kusikisela ukuthi linendima ebalulekile emzimbeni.

cerebellum

Thina manje uqhubekele kokucubungula cerebellum. Kuyini lokhu? Lesi sakhiwo obungemuva. Kumiswa It is in the ontogeny ka-cerebral rhombic esinyeni (amaphiko ayo udonga). Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso izigaba ezahlukene isimiso sezinzwa elawula ukunyakaza yethu. Ukuthuthukiswa Its lwenzeka ngendlela yokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bethu emgogodleni, kanye buthakathaka uhlelo lwabo vestibular.

Ucwaningo Luidzhi Lyuchiani

Imisebenzi ubuchopho obuphakathi futhi cerebellum wafunda Luidzhi Lyuchiani, i-physics Italy. Ngo 1893 wenza ucwaningo kwi izilwane nge ngokuphelele noma ingxenye kokukhipha cerebellum. Waqhuba ekuhlaziyweni umsebenzi wayo bioelectric, kokubhalisa ke phakathi ukushukuma futhi uphumule.

Kwavela ukuthi ithoni kwemisipha extensor buyaqina lapho kususwe ingxenye ye cerebellum. Uma yelulwa izitho zezikhulu isilwane, umzimba uzimisele futhi umuntu baphambukile ohlangothini eziqhutshwa. Kukhona ukunyakaza kumbuthano ( "I-Foyer ukunyakaza") e ohlangothini eziqhutshwa. iziyaluyalu Kuchazwe kancane kancane eshelelayo, kodwa ukunyakaza ezithile discoordination kugcinwe.

Uma ususa yonke cerebellum, kukhona evelele komzimba. Bona esehlelembe kancane kancane ngenxa yokuthi cortex yasebenza (motor endaweni yayo). Nokho, leso silwane namanje ukwephulwa kokuxhumana. Kukhona olungalungile, sezimiso, iminyakazo ayihaba Gait ziyashaqisa.

Umnikelo ka Academician Orbeli

Ngo-1938, Academician Orbeli wathola ukuthi cerebellum futhi inomthelela apharathasi yokwamukela, izinqubo vegetative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona uxhumo lwayo isimo imisipha izitho zangaphakathi. Izinguquko ku ukwakheka kwegazi, kwegazi, emishinini yokuphefumula, ukugaya, okuyinto zenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya cerebellum, ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa (trophic) umsebenzi ezicutshini lwamathambo.

Academician cerebellum Orbeli kubhekwa hhayi kuphela njengoba umsizi we- cortex cerebral e ukulawulwa kwemisipha ithoni kanye nokunyakaza, kodwa futhi njengoba isikhungo oluhambelana-trophic. Kuleli qhaza lethu, lapho kunemtselela zonke izingxenye zobuchopho ngokusebenzisa isimiso sezinzwa (esigabeni nozwela). ezilungisiwe umzimba Ngakho, futhi uqondiswe isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko uvuma zezemvelo. Kwatholakala ukuthi umsebenzi cortex cerebellar is ongenakuzihlukanisa kuya ama- cerebral futhi iza ngaphansi kophiko lwayo.

isiphetho

Ngakho, sixoxe kafushane cerebellum futhi umuntu ephakathi. Imisebenzi yazo ichazwe. Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini ebalulekile indima abayidlalayo. Imizimba yethu ngokuvamile yakhelwe ukuze yonke imigwamanda yayo ukwenza umsebenzi wabo, bonke bangabafowabo kunesidingo. Imisebenzi medulla futhi ubuchopho obuphakathi, kanye nezinye izingxenye zomzimba, kufanele wazi.

Futhi ekugcineni, amagama ambalwa. Ubuchopho - iyunithi eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa siliyise ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane zamangqamuzana besebenza ndawonye. Isekela ukuphila nezimo futhi eyingqayizivele, kodwa ngendlela efanayo futhi uyakwazi ukuphendula nezibonelelo ekushintsheni, isiqondiso kanye nezidingo ukuziphatha. Kepha impilo siya ngisewusana ebuntwaneni, bese entsheni, ukukhula nokuguga, ngendlela efanayo yokwenza kwethu imizimba yethu. Ngakho, bobuchopho bushintsha. Kufanele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphethini anakhodi anzima kwemvelo nokunye zokukhula ukuthuthukiswa. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyakwazi lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwezinto ekuxhumaneni phakathi imvelo futhi umzimba.