Zero Kuphelele: umlando kokutholakala nokusebenzisa eliyisisekelo

umqondo Physical ka "zero ngokuphelele" iwukuba isayensi yesimanje kubaluleke kakhulu: ke ihlobene eduze umqondo ezifana umumo wokwakha, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo okwatshala furor engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini zero ngokuphelele, ubheke imisebenzi zesayensi ezidumile enjalo, njengoba G. Fahrenheit, Celsius, A., J. Gay-Lussac futhi uWilliam Thomson. Badlala indima ebalulekile ekudalweni wasebenzisa kuze kube manje main lokushisa izikali.

Okokuqala lokushisa wakhe isikali ezihlongozwayo ngo-1714, isazi sesayensi yemvelo German G. Fahrenheit. Ngakho i-zero ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, iphuzu impela esikalini, izinga lokushisa kwe-ingxube sathathwa, esasihlanganisa iqhwa kanye ammonia. Ngakusasa esibalulekile kwaba lokushisa evamile umzimba womuntu, okuyinto zazilingana 1000. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sika-esikalini ngasinye kuthiwa "degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga" kanye esikalini ngokwayo - ". Fahrenheit"

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-30-Swedish sezinkanyezi A. Celsius ezihlongozwayo ngesilinganiso lokushisa lapho amachashazi eziyisisekelo babe ice ukuncibilika lokushisa futhi ukubila iphuzu yamanzi. Lokhu isikali yabizwa ngokuthi "i-Celsius", luseyintandokazi emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise eRussia.

Ngonyaka 1802, ngokuswayipha ucwaningo yakhe edumile, usosayensi French J. Gay Lussac wathola ukuthi abantu abaningi ivolumu igesi ngomfutho njalo kuyinto encike ngqo kwi izinga lokushisa. Kodwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu kwakuwukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa 10 centigrade, inani igesi inyuka noma lehla ngo esilinganayo. Ukwenza izibalo ezidingekayo, Gay-Lussac wathola ukuthi lesi silinganiso ilingana 1/273 yamavolumu igesi ezingeni lokushisa 0C.

Kule umthetho kulandelwa esiphethweni ukuthi izinga lokushisa elilingana -2730S is izinga lokushisa ephansi, ngisho sisondela ngokushesha ekupheleni, akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele. It is lokhu lokushisa ibizwa ngokuthi "zero ngokuphelele."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-zero matsandza iphuzu kokuqala yokudala ngokuphelele lokushisa esikalini, iqhaza lapho wathatha physics British uWilliam Thomson, obizwa nangokuthi uLord Kelvin.

Ucwaningo lwakhe eyinhloko ukhathazekile ubufakazi bokuthi akukho umzimba ngokwemvelo, ayikwazi selehlile aphansi kunoziro ngokuphelele. Nokho, uye wasebenzisa yesibili umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, Ngakho-ke, owethulwa nabo 1848, the eliphelele lokushisa isikali seyaziwa ngokuthi thermodynamic noma "UKelvin esikalini."

Eminyakeni eyalandela namashumi eminyaka lokhu kwenzeka kuphela isimiso kwamanani welithi "zero ngokuphelele", okuyinto emva kwezimvume eziningi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi -273,150S alinganayo.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zero ngokuphelele ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni SI. Into wukuthi ngo-1960, ngesikhathi esilandelayo Jikelele lenkomfa ku izilinganiso Iyunithi lokushisa thermodynamic - Kelvin - waba ngomunye amayunithi eziyisithupha eziyinhloko angakahleleki. Ngakho ngqo sasithi degree elilodwa Kelvin anda lingana kuze fike degree of Celsius, ngaphandle ukuthi "UKelvin" ubhekisela ubhekwa zero ngokuphelele, isb -273,150S.

umqondo Basic ngokomzimba ka-zero eliphelele liqukethe yokuthi, ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyisisekelo physics, ngalesi lokushisa amandla motion izinhlayiya aphansi ezifana ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane ilingana kuqanda, futhi kulokhu ukuyeka yimuphi motion okungahleliwe elandayo lalezi zinhlobo efanayo. At lokushisa zero ngokuphelele, ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane kufanele uthathe isikhundla osobala amaphuzu ayinhloko eheleni crystal, ukwakha ngaphambilini ohlelweni.

Okwamanje, usebenzisa imishini ekhethekile, abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthola izinga lokushisa kuphela ppm ambalwa ephakeme kunoziro ngokuphelele. Ukuze sifinyelele kule ezidlula efanayo kungenzeki ngokwenyama ngenxa umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ngenhla echazwe.