Nomthathambe - Iyini? Nomthathambe ka-petroleum, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, alkanes. kwemifantu ezishisayo

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi uphethiloli ikhiqizwa uwoyela. Nokho, kubashayeli abaningi musa ngisho bazibuze ukuthi lo inqubo ukuguqulwa lamafutha ku yokubasela izimoto abawuthandayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi ngokuhlaziya, ngosizo the zokuwuhluza akuzona kuphela uphethiloli, kodwa futhi nezinye ezidingekayo yesimanje yokuphila petrochemicals. umlando abathandwayo ngemvelaphi le ndlela ka uwoyela. Umsunguli wendlela inqubo ukufakwa kubhekwa ukuthi ube usosayensi Russian batshale uqobo kule nqubo ilula kakhulu futhi kucacile kakhulu ngisho ababeyizazi kwamakhemikhali womuntu.

Yini aqhephukile

Kungani-ke ngokuthi i cracker? Leli gama livela kwemifantu isiNgisi, okubonisa cleavage. Empeleni, le nqubo petroleum yokucwenga, kanye amafraktjhini yayo ephambili. It ikhiqizwa ukuze bathole imikhiqizo enjalo, okuyinto abe nesisindo yamangqamuzana encane. Lezi ukukhathazeka lubricating amafutha, uwoyela motor kanye nezinye ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo imikhiqizo, isidingo zamakhemikhali Petrochemical izimboni kukhiqizwa.

alkanes ngokuhlaziya kuhlanganisa izinqubo eziningana, kuhlanganise ukufingqa kanye polymerization ejenti. Umphumela wale izinqubo Ukwakheka kwezitho petroleum coke iba, kanye amafraktjhini ubilise ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ngokuthi ngokuhlaziya ezisalayo. I abilayo yalolu ketshezi ingaphezu 350 degrees. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngaphandle ngalezi zinqubo, kunezinye - cyclization, isomerization, zamagama.

Ukusungulwa kwe-Shukhov

Nomthathambe lamafutha, umlando wayo iqala ngo-1891. Khona-ke unjiniyela VG Shukhov nalowo asebenzisana naye Gavrilov SP yasungulwa isitshalo zezimboni ngokuba okuqhubekayo kwemifantu ezishisayo. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-ukufakwa ngqa emhlabeni. Abasunguli, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yoMbuso wase-Russian lobunikazi ke emzimbeni ogunyazwe yezwe. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwakuba isimanga imodeli zokuhlola. Kamuva, ngemva ngaleyo minyaka engaba ikhulu ikota, technical izixazululo Shukhov zaba sisekelo we cracker zezimboni e-United States. Futhi eSoviet Union kwaba ukufakwa sokuqala salolu hlobo ngezinga ezimbonini waqala ukukhipha ngesikhathi "kwemifantu namaSoviet" ngo-1934. Lesi sitshalo itholakala Baku.

Indlela isiZulu wemithi Barton

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, imboni Petrochemical ukwenze banikela ngendlela ebalulekile le eyiNgisi Barton, funa izindlela ongakusebenzisa ngazo kanye nezixazululo zokukhiqiza uphethiloli kusukela kawoyela ongahluziwe. Babethole ngendlela ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, ukusabela ngokuhlaziya, ngenxa lapho wokukhipha isibalo esiphezulu engasindi uphethiloli izingxenyana zaso. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, lapho umthaki wemithi IsiZulu wahlanganyela imikhiqizo ukucutshungulwa uwoyela, kuhlanganise uwoyela fuel kwakuwukumba kaphalafini. Ukuxazulula le nkinga ukukhiqiza uphethiloli amafraktjhini, Barton lobunikazi indlela yakhe lokuveza uphethiloli.

Ngo-1916, Barton indlela yasetshenziselwa endaweni yezimboni, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine kuphela ngemva kuka ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili amayunithi yayo kakade wasebenza ezimbonini.

Abilayo lokushisa kwencika kahle imfuyo kwaziwayo ingcindezi kuso. Okungukuthi, uma ngizwa ingcindezi kwamanye uketshezi kakhulu-ke, ngokufanelekile, lizophakama kanye nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa abilayo. Nge ngincipha ingcindezi ketshezi, kungaba kakade uqale ubilise ezingeni lokushisa aphansi. Kuyinto lolu lwazi esetshenziswa wemithi Barton, ekufezeni kakhulu izinga lokushisa engcono zenzeka ngokuhlaziya ukuphendula. Lokhu lokushisa zokhahlamba kusuka degrees 425 kuya 475. Yiqiniso, nge okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa thonya ku uwoyela ngeke shabalala, futhi umsebenzi kunzima nge izinto vaporous. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko usokhemisi IsiZulu kwaba nokuvinjelwa abilayo futhi ukuhwamuka lamafutha. Waqala ukuchitha umfutho ophakeme lonke inqubo.

Ukufakwa for ngokuhlaziya

Barton apharathasi lalinabashumayeli izakhi eziningana, phakathi owawungumnyaka kubhayela, nesebenzela ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Wayelethwa ezenziwe ngensimbi ngempela awugqinsi, iseningizimu ngenhla isithando, ukuthi yena, kwaba ifakwe intuthu amashubhu. Ubethula ekhombe kuze kube ezininginingi amanzi epholile. Khona-ke, wonke komsele ziqondiswe esitsheni senzelwe lokuqoqa ketshezi. Ezansi ethangini behlaliswe tube branched, tube ngamunye eyayintula valve elilawulayo.

Injani kwemifantu

Inqubo ngokuhlaziya kanje. Kubhayela ligcwele umkhiqizo kawoyela ongahluziwe, ezifana namafutha nophethiloli. Kancane kancane, amafutha ukufuthelana ngu esithandweni somlilo. Lapho izinga lokushisa safinyelela elikhulu elinamanci mathathu degrees, kusuka okuqukethwe kubhayela isuswe (ayahwamuka) amanzi kuwo etholakalayo. Kudlulwa tube futhi selehlile, lokhu amanzi engena ethangini iqoqo, kwabe futhi ngokusebenzisa ipayipi liyashona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqubo waqhubeka kubhayela, lapho uwoyela fuel kwanyamalala nezinye izingxenye - emoyeni nezinye amagesi. Bathatha indlela efanayo ukuthi ukukhuphuka emanzini, isihloko iphayiphi.

Ukususa amanzi futhi umkhiqizo kawoyela negesi wayeselulungele kwemifantu okwalandela. Umshini namandla encibilikisiwe, kanye nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa kubhayela kancane wande Wafinyelela 345 degrees. Ngalesi sikhathi, le ukuhwamuka we hydrocarbon engasindi. Kudlulwa tube kuya Isibandisi, ngisho lapho bafike basale khona esifundazweni igesi, ngokungafani umhwamuko. Uma kule esitsheni lokuqoqa, lezi hydrocarbon kuthiwa balandela iphayiphi, njengoba valve esidayisa ivaliwe hhayi abavumele bangene emhosheni. Babuyela ngokusebenzisa ipayipi emuva ethangini, bese ukuphinda yonke indlela, abangenayo nhlobo indlela yokuphuma.

Ngakho, baba ezingasho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umphumela waba ingcindezi ezikhulayo ohlelweni. Lapho ukucindezeleka wafinyelela eziphindwe ezinhlanu, hydrocarbon ukukhanya baye bahluleka shabalala kusukela isibilisi. Hydrocarbon, zincipha, a ingcindezi iyunifomu sasisekelwa e komsele kubhayela futhi ukubuthwa esitsheni esiqandisini. Kanyekanye kwaqala ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa eqhekeza hydrocarbon esindayo. Ngenxa yalokho, baba yaphenduka uphethiloli, okungukuthi, e-hydrocarbon ukukhanya. Ukwakheka kwabo isiqala ukuba nakho kuyokwenzeka ngaleso degree angaba ngu-250, i-hydrocarbon likhanyise cleavage ayahwamuka, le condensate kwakheka ekamelweni Ukuphola, eqoqwe ethangini ukubuthwa. Ngokulandelayo, ngokusebenzisa uphethiloli ipayipi agelezé ukulungele esitsheni lapho ingcindezi lancipha. Le ngcindezi nomthelela ukususwa izakhi gaseous. Nge amagesi enjalo zisusiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uphethiloli eseqedile batheleka iziqukathi kwesokudla amathangi amakhulu amanzi.

I-hydrocarbon ukukhanya okuningi ayahwamuka, amafutha eziqinile kanye ukumelana lokushisa baba. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuguquka kwesigamu okuqukethwe kubhayela e uphethiloli ukumisa umsebenzi olwengeziwe. Wasiza ngokukhethekile ukufakwa ukufakwa imitha ekunqumeni inani okuholela uphethiloli. Umshini amapayipi iqeda ligamanxa. Vent ipayipi lebhokisi compressor, kunalokho, wavula, umbhangqwana wathutha kule compressor, ingcindezi therein kwaba kancane. In parallel nalokhu ipayipi ezidlulanayo esiholela ekuvezweni uphethiloli, ukuphula yokuxhumana kwawo ukufakwa. Isenzo esiqhubekayo ilindele Ukupholisa ngomoya kubhayela, nkinga kuwo izidakamizwa. Ngokusetshenziswa kwakamuva ke thina uhlanza kubhayela kusukela engcoliswe coke futhi kungenzeka ukuba afeze inqubo entsha ngokuhlaziya.

Izigaba ukucwengwa ukufakwa Barton

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kungenzeka yehlukanise uwoyela, okungukuthi kwemifantu alkanes, sekuyisikhathi eside kubonakala ososayensi. Nokho, ayizange elisetshenziswa ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezivamile, njengoba yehlukanise usesimweni esinjalo engafiseleki. Kuze kube yimanje, umusi esishisa bhé eyayihilelekile inqubo. Ngosizo amafutha hhayi kugaywe kodwa shabalala.

Kuyo yonke le ndawo yayikhona, uwoyela umkhakha Useke wadlula izigaba eziningana. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-sixties kwekhulu XIX ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule, amafutha icutshungulwe ukuze akhiqize uphalafini kuphela. Yabe into ezibonakalayo, ngawo abantu wathola Ukusabalala ebumnyameni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi ukucutshungulwa ezinjalo, ezithathwa kuyi-petroleum amafraktjhini engasindi, kubhekwe imfucuza. Bathulula emgodini futhi ubhujiswe nokushiswa noma ngezinye izindlela.

Ukufaka ngokuhlaziya Burton indlela yakhe wakhonza njengephayona Isinyathelo esibalulekile kuyo yonke uwoyela wemboni. Kuyinto le ndlela lapho umthaki wemithi English kungenzeka umphumela ongcono ukukhiqizwa uphethiloli. Ukuhoxa elicwengekile petroleum umkhiqizo kanye nezinye Aromatics liye landa izikhathi eziningana.

Isidingo isicelo ka kwemifantu

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, siwumpompe kwaba, ungase uthi, imfucuza umkhiqizo uwoyela. Imoto egijima kule fuel, kuyilapho ayembalwa kakhulu, ngakho amafutha ayikafunwa. Kodwa nge kwesikhathi emazweni imikhumbi usukhulile kancane kancane, ngokulandelana, kudingeka nophethiloli. Kuphela zokuqala eziyishumi noma ibe neminyaka eyishumi nambili kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isidingo uphethiloli kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 115!

Etholwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa elula uphethiloli, futhi, ngokunembile, umthamo yayo singahlangabezani umthengi kanye abakhiqizi ngokwabo. Ngakho-ke wanquma ukusebenzisa isigwebo kwemifantu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukwandisa izinga zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukwandisa inani uphethiloli ngoba izidingo States.

Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi kwemifantu kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli angase kwenziwe hhayi kuphela uwoyela fuel noma diesel. Ngenxa impahla eluhlaza for lokhu kahle uwoyela evumelekile kanye ongahluziwe. Futhi, abakhiqizi futhi Ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha selitholakele ukuthi uphethiloli etholwe inqubo ngokuhlaziya bekungelegolide izinga kangcono. Ikakhulu, lapho kusetshenziswa izimoto basebenza ngaphezulu njalo futhi eside kunokujwayelekile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi uphethiloli etholwe ngokuhlaziya agcinwayo ezinye hydrocarbon, ishisa ngesikhathi ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezivamile. Lezi izinto, esikhundleni salokho, lapho kusetshenziswa yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini abe impahla ukuze kuvuswe futhi bashise ngaphezulu kahle, ngenxa injini uphethiloli ukuqhuma.

kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba

Nomthathambe - inqubo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uphethiloli, ezifana nophethiloli. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kwenziwe ngumuntu ukuphathwa elula ukushisa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli - kwemifantu ezishisayo. Kwezinye izimo kungenzeka ukusebenza kwalesi nqubo, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza lokushisa eliphezulu kodwa futhi ne ukwengeza yelikhono. inqubo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi okhanda amanye amathuba.

Ukusebenzisa yokugcina, indlela processing, abakhiqizi uthole high-octane uphethiloli.

Kukholakala ukuthi le zilwane inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inikeza yokucwenga ebaluleke kakhulu qualitative. Catalytic ngokuhlaziya busuka umkhakha ku namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule, ke uye wavumela abakhiqizi ukuze uthole izinzuzo ezithile yonke inqubo. Lezi zihlanganisa eguquguqukayo, kalula isihlobo ukuqondanisa nezinye izinqubo (deasphalting, hydrotreating, alkirovanie futhi t. D.). Kuyinto lokhu yizinhlobonhlobo akunakubangelwa ingxenye enkulu ukusetshenziswa iyunithi okhanda amanye amathuba ngokuhlaziya e lonke ivolumu uwoyela.

izinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinto zokusetshenziswa asetshenziswe kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba cleaner uwoyela negesi okuyinto ingxenyenamba kokuba ibanga abilayo kusukela degrees 350 kuya ku-500. Kulokhu lokugcina ukuvala abacaphuni isethwe ehlukile futhi kuncike okuqukethwe lensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkomba kuthinta feedstock coking. Akukwazi kwetshumi ezingaphezu kwezintathu amaphesenti.

hydrotreating olwandulelayo edingekayo khiqiza ingxenyenamba okuyinto isuselwe yi sulphur compounds ahlukahlukene. hydrotreating futhi kunciphisa coking.

Ezinye owaziwa, zikhona izinqubo eziningana eyenziwa kubo, lapho kukhona kwemifantu kwamafrakshini esindayo kule izinkampani femu emakethe. Lezi zihlanganisa coking kuze kube nelesithupha amaphesenti yamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla eluhlaza kungaba zinsalela hydrocracking. Iningi ezingavamile cishe, kungashiwo kubhekwa exotic uwoyela eluhlaza intombi. Umbutho efanayo (millisecond ubuchwepheshe) itholakala e-Republic of Belarus ngesikhathi Mozyr zenkampane.

Vele kuze kube muva nje, lapho lusetshenziswa kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba ka-petroleum, wasebenzisa ibhola kulethe amorphous. Kwakuyisikhathi milimitha ubuhlalu ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Manje le njongo yelikhono asetshenziswa ngokuhlaziya ezingekho ngaphezu 60-80 microns (zeolite microspheroidal kulethe). Zakhiwa ilungu zeolite athambekele ku matrix aluminium silicate.

Indlela ezishisayo

Njengenjwayelo, kwemifantu ezishisayo isetshenziselwa ngokucubungula petroleum, uma kunesidingo uthole umkhiqizo ekupheleni nge isisindo yamangqamuzana encane. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifana ingase ihlanganise hydrocarbon unsaturated, petroleum coke, ukukhanya imoto zokubasa.

Bebheke kulo petroleum processing indlela luncike isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ubunjalo feedstock, kanye ngqo nezimo lapho ngokuhlaziya uqobo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe bamakhemikhali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Esinye sezimo main ukuthi nomthelela ijubane nesiqondiso ukugeleza kwemifantu ezishisayo kucatshangwa lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye processing time. Kugcine uthola isigaba abonakalayo nganoma degrees ezingamakhulu amathathu, ezintathu, anamanci mahlanu. Lapho echaza le nqubo isebenzisa kwesibalo kinetic ye-oda kwemifantu kuqala. Ngesikhathi umphumela ngokuhlaziya, futhi ngokunembile, ku imikhiqizo yayo Ukwakheka kuthinta ushintsho ingcindezi. Isizathu ukuthi ushintsho ijubane futhi izici ukusabela yesibili, okuhlanganisa, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, polymerization kanye ukufingqa okuyinto kuhambisana ngokuhlaziya. Ukusabela kwesibalo inqubo ezishisayo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: S20N42 S10N20 + = C10 H22. Lithonya umphumela futhi umphumela namanje ivolumu reagents.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwemifantu uwoyela, eyenziwa yilezi zindlela, akuyona kuphela. I zokuwuhluza umsebenzi zokukhiqiza zisebenzisa nezinye izinhlobo eziningi inqubo yokwelashwa. Ngakho, ezimweni ezithile okuthiwa oxidative kwemifantu, eyenziwa usebenzisa umoya-mpilo. Kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwemifantu kagesi. Nale ndlela, abakhiqizi acetylene okulungiselelwe odlulayo ugesi ngokusebenzisa i-methane.