Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe ndaba

isimo Physical noma esingokoqobo ndaba libhekene izakhiwo zayo ezithile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (ingcindezi kanye lokushisa). Lokho, kungaba okuqinile, uketshezi noma gaseous. Ukushintsha aggregate isimo izidakamizwa kubangela ushintsho yayo Izakhiwo (ukuminyana, entropy, amandla khulula). Ngenkathi isimo okuqinile, ikwazi ukulondoloza umthamo fixed shape. Ukuphendukela uketshezi at umthamo ofanayo, kokushintsha isimo, yokuvumelana ngesitsha noma esitsheni. Ngenxa igesi, athi unesimo esifana akusho ukugcina hhayi kuphela ukuma kodwa futhi lemali njengoba ikhulisa ligcwale yonke isikhala.

Ngokwesibonelo, isimo wokuhlanganisa lamanzi kungaba okuqinile, uketshezi noma gaseous. Kulesi ifomula amakhemikhali (H2O) futhi i-molecule ye (athomu amabili e-hydrogen kanye eyodwa yomoya-mpilo athomu) musa ukushintsha. Emazingeni aphakathi kwangu-0 ° C ngaphansana kuwukuthi isimo okuqinile futhi ubizwa ngokuthi ice. Kusukela 0 ° C kuze kube 99,944 ° C Ayinambala (i amavolumu ezincane) kwaba ketshezi esobala, nengenaphunga futhi kunganambitheki. At lokushisa 99.944 ° C ludlulele ngaphakathi esigabeni gaseous futhi ibizwa ngokuthi intuthu. Lesi sibonelo sikhombisa ukuthi isimo aggregate efana siyahlukahluka izimo zangaphandle. Kulokhu, cishe awekho ekushintsheni ambient ingcindezi, kodwa ushintsho lokushisa, iqhwa liyancibilika at 0 ° C futhi uphendukela amanzi, nokuthi amathumba at 99,944 ° C futhi iyasha, liphenduka umusi.

Amanzi kungashiwo kuhluke izakhiwo zabo, ngokuba uthi ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa. Ice kwabantu ilingana 0,917 g / cm³, namanzi at kwezimo esezingeni 0,9982 g / cm³, umhwamuko (futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile) - ngaphansi kuka-0,001 g / cm³. viscosity Dynamic lamanzi endaweni ukuncibilika iqhwa (amanzi okokuqandisa lokushisa) ilingana: μ = 1.793 · 103 Pa · s ku-20 ° C viscosity ashukumisayo amanzi: μ = 1.003 · 10ˉ³ Pas. Ngakho, isimo aggregate efana nezindawo yayo iyahluka ngesikhathi Ukuqeda isigaba. Lolu shintsho elinesimo lokuncibilika (ndaba okuqinile iba uketshezi) ilingane lokushisa crystallization (osemanzi uketshezi) nokubilisa (uketshezi ingena igesi) ilingane lokushisa ukufingqa (igesi iba ketshezi).

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi isimo wokuhlanganisa into incike ngezithako zawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwezimo zangaphandle ezifanayo, izinto ezihlukahlukene kuhluke nezici zabo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amanzi H2O - iwuketshezi. Hydrogen H2 nomoya-mpilo O2 - kukhona amagesi. Iron Fe - okuqinile (yayo ukuncibilika lokushisa 1538,9 ° C, izinga lokushisa elenza 2860,9 ° C). Kodwa omunye futhi isimo esifanayo wokuhlanganisa izinto ezahlukene kungase kudingeke ngezinye zezinto ezifanayo.

Isb, ngoba amagesi libhekene amabutho elincani nokuxhumana aphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule awo kuthiwa bahlukana at amabanga ezinkulu. Amagesi okuholela kungenziwa onomfutho kakhulu. La ma-molecule yamagesi lihamba njalo, kanye ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu. Yilokhu kuchaza ikhono izinto gaseous ukugcwalisa wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu ngokulinganayo, zanikeza amazwibela: Gases thatha ukuma ivolumu isitsha lapho zitholakala.

Phakathi uketshezi gaseous kanye ukudla okuqinile sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini. Njengoba kwanda lokushisa, ayefana xaxa amagesi, futhi ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, bona eduze kakhudlwana zifane ukudla okuqinile. uketshezi molecule ngaphezulu uvalwe ibekwe ngokusebenzisa wawubona Luhambo amabutho therebetween. -X-ray ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi banayo ezinye iziqalo ingafani crystal nesakhiwo.

I ukudla okuqinile zihlale lapho izinhlobo ezithile futhi imiqulu. Ukushintsha kubo kuyadingeka ukuze nisebenze kanzima, njengoba amangqamuzana, kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ion nimi oxhumene. I izinhlayiya sendaba okuqinile Awukwazi ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile ngoba ukugcina ilungiselelo mutual mayelana izikhungo uyenzele ngaphambilini yakhoibrium iyehla iyenyuka. Amabili isimo eyaziwa kwezinto eziqinile - amorphous futhi crystalline. zinhlayiya zokugcina zinezikhathi ifomu esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, zinhlayiya ka-sodium chloride-NaCl zifane ukuma cube, KNO3 potassium nitrate - nezibhebhe nokunye. Isakhiwo amorphous - ke ngezikhathi sagregatirovannye-molecule. Ngokungafani crystalline izidakamizwa ukuncibilika ezingeni lokushisa ethile, elinesimo ububanzi isikhawu amorphous ukuncibilika lokushisa. Ngezinye izikhathi bephathwa njengoba uketshezi nge viscosity eliphezulu kakhulu. Lapho izimo zashintsha, lapho i-ejenti ukuqina kwenzeka, kungase kwenzeke, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya crystalline futhi esimweni amorphous.

Physical isimo izidakamizwa ngezinye izikhathi kuchazwa njengelungelo lenhlalo crystal liquid noma uketshezi olungenambala olusegazini. Kodwa lokhu akulona nencazelo efanele. Udaba kudinga cwaningo ehlukile futhi eningiliziwe, ngakho kulesi sihloko ayithinteki isimo ndaba.