Uyini laser ukukhanya? emisebeni Laser: imithombo yayo kanye nokuvikelwa kuwo

Lasers beba amathuluzi nakakhulu ucwaningo emkhakheni imithi, i-physics, i-chemistry, yokuma komhlaba biology nobuchwepheshe. Uma esetshenziswa ngendlela engalungile, zingangena zisetshenziswe ukuze aphuphuthekise nokwethuka (e t. H. Burns electrocution) opharetha nabo bonke abanye abantu, kuhlanganise izivakashi abayitoho Laboratories, kanye imbangela ukulimala kwempahla abalulekile. Abasebenzisi yalezi amadivaysi kudingeka siqonde ngokugcwele futhi ukusebenzisa kudingekile izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho usingatha nabo.

Uyini laser?

Igama elithi "laser" (Engl. Laser, Khanyisa okhulisa by inkanuko yobulili Emission ka Kushisa bhé kule ndawo) kuyinto emelela esimelela "okhulisa ukukhanya ekushayweni inkanuko yobulili". Imvamisa emisebeni eyenziwe laser luphakathi noma eduze kwengxenye ebonakalayo bohlu kagesi. Amandla luphakanyiswa esimweni umfutho high kakhulu ngenqubo okuthiwa 'ukuphuma laser olubangelwa ".

Igama elithi "emisebeni" Ngokuvamile abantu abaningi abasiqondi ngoba liyasetshenziswa encazelweni izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile. Kulo mongo, kusho ukudluliselwa amandla. Amandla idluliselwa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye esebenzisa conduction, Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows nemisebe eyingozi.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi lasers ezisebenza ezindaweni ezahlukene ezahlukene. Amagesi (isib argon noma ingxube ane-helium ne neon) asetshenziswa njengoba uketshezi, zinhlayiya esiqinile (isib irubi) noma colorants ketshezi ukusebenza. Lapho amandla ihlinzekwa imvelo ukusebenza, iya i ujabule isimo futhi ukukhishwa amandla ngesimo izinhlayiya ukukhanya (izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya).

Ipheya izibuko both qeda of tube uphawu noma noma kukhombe okuhambisa ukukhanya njengoba ukusakaza kanzulu, ngokuthi ugongolo laser. Ngalinye imvelo ezisebenza kuveza esiyingqayizivele ugongolo wavelength nombala.

Umbala laser ugongolo, ngokuvamile wezwakalisa wavelength. Kuyinto non-ionizing futhi kuhlanganisa ultraviolet (100-400 NM), ebonakalayo (400-700 NM) kanye infrared (700 nm - 1 mm) ingxenye bohlu.

spectrum kagesi

Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini esiyingqayizivele kagesi wave imvamisa kanye nobude ezihlobene nale inketho. Njengoba nje ukukhanya ebomvu has imvamisa yayo kanye nombono, nayo yonke eminye imibala - orange, ophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - nge amaza eliyingqayizivele futhi banemibono. Abasebenzisi uyakwazi ukubona la magagasi kagesi, kodwa abakwazi ukubona lonke bohlu.

Imvamisa enkulu gamma rays, X-ray kanye oku-ultraviolet. Isikhala seso, microwave ngemisebe amaza omsakazo kungene amaza engezansi bohlu. ukukhanya Kubonakala uku iwumngcingo ububanzi therebetween.

Laser emisebeni: nemiphumela yomuntu

I laser ukhiqiza i ukukhanya ugongolo okukhulu uqondiswa. Uma kuwukuthi phambili, kubonakala, noma ukugxila into, ugongolo kancane amuncwa ukhulisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye ingxenye engaphakathi into ezingase zibangele ushintsho noma ukusonteka material. Lezi zimfanelo eziye ezisetshenziswayo ekuhlinzeni laser kanye nokwelashwa izinto, kungaba yingozi izicubu womuntu.

Ngaphezu ngemisebe, ekunikeleni umphumela ezishisayo ku izicubu esiyingozi laser ukukhanya, yakha umthelela photochemical. Isimo sakhe ngokwanele iDemo wavelength, isb. E. UV noma okwesibhakabhaka ingxenye bohlu. amadivaysi Modern ukukhiqiza laser ekushayweni, imiphumela abantu lincishisiwe. Low-amandla laser akwanele uyakwazi ukudala umonakalo, nezingozi eziyiyo.

kwezicubu Human bayayiqaphela amandla, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile le emisebeni kagesi, laser kuhlanganise, kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo kanye isikhumba. imibundu kuhlasimulise izifundo emisebeni sezenziwe.

Ingozi ngoba amehlo

Iso lomuntu liwumsebenzi usengozini yokuthola ukulimala kunesikhumba. I-cornea (okusobala yangaphandle phambi kobuso iso), ngokungafani kuya dermis, ine olwelwesini amangqamuzana afile okuyinto ukuvikela amathonya kwemvelo. Laser kanye emisebeni yelanga is amuncwa cornea esweni ukuthi kungabangela umonakalo. Trauma kuhambisana edema nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi EPITHELIAL, futhi ngenxa yokulimala kabi - ingaphazamisi ekamelweni anterior.

Lens esweni Zingase zihlale kwaba ukulimala lapho echayeke ezahlukene laser emisebeni - infrared kanye ultraviolet.

Nokho, ingozi enkulu, umthelela we-laser kuyi-retina ku ebonakalayo spectrum optical - 400 nm (violet) ukuze 1400 NM (eduze kwe-infrared). Phakathi kule ndawo bohlu imishayo collimated bagxile ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu e-retina. Worst icala ukuchayeka kwenzeka lapho iso uhlola ibanga ugongolo ngqo noma kubonakala hits ke. Kulokhu, emakamu yayo kuyi-retina ifinyelela izikhathi 100,000.

Ngakho, ugodo ebonakalayo 10 MW / cm ² izenzo kuyi-retina, umnika amandla 1000 W / ^cm2. Lokhu kungaphezu kakhulu kuze kubangele umonakalo. Uma iso akafuni singene ibanga, noma uma ugongolo kubonakala kusuka ehlasela umzimba wonke, hhayi esibukweni ebusweni, kuholela kokulimala emisebeni kakhulu namandla kakhulu. Umthelela laser esikhumbeni elingenalo ngokugxila umphumela, ngakho kungcono kakhulu ukubuyeka ukungenwa ukulimala kulezi yamaza.

X-ray

Ezinye izinhlelo ephezulu voltage nge voltages okukhulu kuka-15 kV zingakwazi ukukhiqiza X-ray kwamandla eside: i-laser ukukhanya umthombo - esinamandla excimer lasers ne-electron ukudonsa, kanye plasma bese ion imithombo uhlelo. Lezi amadivayisi kufanele kuhlolelwe ukuphepha ngemisebe, kuhlanganise i-ukuzivikela efanele.

ngezigaba

Kuye amandla noma amandla ugongolo kanye nombono we-radiation, lasers zihlukaniswe namakilasi amaningana. Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe ikhono ezingaba zedivayisi ukuthi alimale ngokushesha amehlo, isikhumba, ukuvuvukala ukuchayeka ngqo ugongolo noma ukubonakaliswa ehlasela umzimba kusuka evele lembhali. Zonke lasers commercial angaphansi ukuhlonza nge olwehlela kumalebula awo. Uma idivayisi wawenziwe amakhaya noma imakwe ngenye indlela, kufanele iseluleko etholwe elihambisana ngezigaba zawo kanye kophawu. Lasers zihlukaniswa amandla, nombono kanye nesikhathi ukuchayeka.

amadivaysi Safety

amadivaysi ekilasini lokuqala ukukhiqiza umfutho ongaphakeme laser ngemisebe. Ngeke bafinyelele ezingeni eziyingozi, ngakho imithombo kukhona sokuthola izinyathelo kakhulu ukulawula noma ezinye izinhlobo ukubhekwa. Isibonelo: laser amaphrinta nabadlali CD.

kudivayisi kunemibandela ephephile

ekilasini lasers yesibili ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana e bohlu ebonakalayo. Lokhu imithombo laser ukukhanya okuyinto abangela isimo sabantu evamile ukungamukeleki ungukukhanya esikhanya kakhulu (blink reflex). Lapho kuvezwa ugongolo Iso lomuntu ° ng 0.25 s, esihlinzeka ukuvikelwa okwanele. Nokho, emisebeni laser ungaphakathi uhla ebonakalayo kungamlimaza umuntu emehlweni, umthelela njalo. Izibonelo: laser izikhombo, laser wezokwakha.

2a-class lasers amadivayisi ekhethekile-injongo ngamandla okukhipha esingaphansi 1 MW. Lezi amadivayisi umonakalo kuphela umthelela ngqo kuka-1000 ihora-8 ngosuku ukusebenza. Isibonelo umfundi ibhakhodi.

lasers esiyingozi

Ngu ekilasini 3a zihlanganisa amadivayisi musa ukulimaza by Ukuchayeka isikhashana iso ungazivikele. Kungaba yingozi uma usebenzisa yokukhanya ngokugxila, isibonelo izibonakude, izibonakhulu kanye omabonakude. Izibonelo: i-helium-neon amandla laser ka 1-5 MW, izeluleko laser kanye namazinga isakhiwo.

3b ekilasini laser ugongolo okungadala ukulimala noma umthelela ngqo esibukweni sayo sediski. Isibonelo: helium-neon amandla laser we 5-500 MW, abaningi ucwaningo futhi lasers zokwelapha.

Class 4 kuhlanganisa idivayisi amazinga amandla kuka-500 MW. Ziyakwazi yingozi emehlweni, isikhumba, kanye ingozi yomlilo. Ukuchayeka ugongolo ka specular yakhe noma ukucabanga ngokukhukhumala kwentamo kungabangela ukulimala iso futhi isikhumba. zonke izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele zithathwe. ISIBONELO: Nd: YAG-lasers, libonise, ukuhlinzwa, ukuzisika metal.

emisebeni Laser: Ukuvikelwa

laboratory ngasinye kufanele ngokuvikeleka okwanele abantu abasebenza ngemisebe ye-laser. Ngcono iwindi lapho emisebeni izophela amadivayisi 2, amakilasi 3 noma 4 nge ugogekile ezindaweni engalawuliwe yentiwe noma ngaphandle uma lingavikelwe ngesikhathi ekusebenzeni leli thuluzi. Ukuze uvikeleke esiphezulu, kunconywa ukuthi iso.

• Ugongolo kumele ebiyelwe elangabini non-lembhali ukumelana ikhava okuvikela ukuze unciphise ingozi ukuchayeka ngephutha noma umlilo. Ukuqondanisa ugongolo ukusebenzisa izikrini Fluorescent noma viewfinders yesibili; Gwema iso ukuchayeka oqondile.
• Ukuze uvumelanise izinqubo ukuqondanisa zisebenzisa amandla aphansi. Uma kungenzeka lenqubo ukuqondanisa kwangaphambilini usebenzise amadivaysi ephansi ekupheleni. Gwema khona ezingadingekile lezinto lembhali endaweni laser.
• Beka isivimbelo kwimininingo ukudlula ugongolo elalisendaweni eyingozi ngemuva kwamahora, usebenzisa isivalo, nezinye izithiyo. Ungayisebenzisi izindonga ekamelweni ukuze uqondanise ugongolo laser ekilasini 3b no-4.
• Sebenzisa amathuluzi non-lembhali. Ezinye imishini akuvezi ukukhanya ebonakalayo, kuba nesibuko ingxenye engabonakali bohlu.
• Musa ukugqoka imigexo lembhali. imihlobiso Metallic nakho kwandisa ingozi yokuthi umuntu abanjwe ugesi.

izibuko zokuzivikela

Lapho besebenza ngemisebe ye-laser 4 amakilasi eyingozi evulekile, noma engozini reflection kufanele usebenzise izibuko zokuzivikela. Thayipha kubo kuncike hlobo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Amaphuzu kumele zikhethwe ukuze azivikele zibona, ikakhulukazi ekubhebhetselisa, kanye ukunikeza isivikelo ezingeni lapho zemvelo reflex ukuzivikela kungavimbela ukulimala kwamehlo. Amadivayisi anjalo optical ukugcina ezinye usesimweni ugongolo, ukuvimbela zesikhumba ukusha, kuncishiswe amathuba noma ezinye izingozi.

Izici Okungafanele ayicabangele lapho ekhetha Eyewear:

• noma isifunda wavelength bohlu ngemisebe;
• absorbance ngesikhathi wavelength esithile;
• illuminance esiphezulu (W / cm ²⁾ noma amandla ugongolo (W);
• thayipha laser uhlelo;
• Amandla Imodi - pulsed laser ngemisebe noma imodi eqhubekayo;
• kuveza amakhono - specular futhi ehlasela umzimba;
• emkhakheni buka;
• ukutholakala lens zokulungisa noma enkulu ngokwanele ukuvumela okokugqoka izibuko umbono ukulungiswa;
• induduzo;
• ukupholisa ukuvuleka ukuvimbela misting;
• ukusebenza ku imibala;
• nomthelela ukumelana;
• ikhono ukwenza imisebenzi ezidingekayo.

Kusukela amagogolo zithambekele ukwephula futhi ukugqoka, uhlelo ukuphepha laboratory kuzomele sifake kokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kulezi zingxenye zokuzivikela.