Ukhetho kanjani eJalimane?

I-Germany ungumbuso wentando yeningi waseYurophu onesimiso sezombusazwe esinkimbinkimbi Izinqumo kuleli zwe zingenziwa emazingeni ase-federal nasezindaweni zendawo, ngasinye esinezinhlaka zayo eziphezulu, izinkantolo nezomthetho. Kanjani ukhetho eJalimane? Sizokuthola ngalokhu okunye.

I-Federal Republic yaseJalimane

Izwe liseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ihlanzwa yizilwandle zaseNyakatho neBaltic, futhi ihaqwe iDenmark, iCzech Republic, iPoland, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands naseFrance. I-Germany yizwe elithuthukile elinomnotho oqinile kanye nokuphila okuphezulu.

Iyingxenye yenhlangano yezinhlangano zomhlaba, njenge-European Union, i-NATO, i-G8. Izwe likhaya labantu abayizigidi ezingu-82. Ulimi olusemthethweni linguJalimane. Imizi emikhulu kunazo zonke iBerlin, Hamburg, Cologne, eMunich, eBrmen, eDusseldorf.

Inhloko-dolobha yombuso yiBerlin, kodwa iminyango eminingi kanye nezinsizakalo zikahulumeni ziseBonn. I-Germany iyinhlangano yentando yeningi, yomthetho, yezenhlalakahle, ohlobo lwayo lukahulumeni oluchazwe njenge- republic yephalamende.

Uhlelo lwamakhetho e-Jalimane ePhalamende, iKhabhinethi, isikhansela kanye nomongameli uhlukile. Umzimba kuphela okhethwa yivoti ethandwa ngqo yi-parliament. Ezinye izigungu nezikhundla zikhethwa ngabantu abagunyaziwe.

IJalimane: ukhetho lomongameli

Umongameli uyinhloko yombuso. Ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthunyelwa kwavela ngo-1949. Ngo-February 2017, uFrank-Walter Steinmeier wakhethwa. Izindawo zokuhlala zayo ezisemthethweni zihlala eBerlin naseBonn. Ukhetho lukaMengameli eJalimane luqhutshwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu lwenzeka ngokukhethwa kabusha. Umuntu oyedwa angabamba lokhu okuthunyelwe kabili.

Imisebenzi yesahluko ihlanganisa ukumelelwa kwezwe ezweni lezemidlalo, isimemezelo nokusayina kwemithetho, ukugunyazwa kwabasebenzi bombuso, izikhulu kanye nabahluleli, nokuphakanyiswa komuntu ozobhalwa esikhundleni seKhansela.

Ukuze ubambe ukhetho eJalimane, kwakhiwa umhlangano okhethekile - i-Federal Assembly. Iqukethe inani elilinganayo lamalungu ephalamende kanye nezihambeli ezivela kumaphalamende wesifunda. Okhethwe othole iningi lamavoti ukhethwa esikhundleni somongameli. Isinqumo sisebenza ngemuva kokuthatha isifungo.

Ukukhethwa kweKhansela

Uhulumeni oyinhloko ubhekene nohulumeni. Inhloko yayo yi-Chancellor Federal. Emahlombe akhe anikezwe imisebenzi esemqoka yokuphathwa kukahulumeni, ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo luni lukahulumeni wezwe luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi intando yeningi kaKhansela. Uyanquma indlela eJalimane okufanele ihambe ngayo.

Ukhetho lweKhansela lwenziwa yi-Bundestag (iPhalamende lase-Federal). Amandla akhe edlule iminyaka emine. Zinganqanyulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngemuva kokuvota okwakungabikho kokuzethemba, okungukuthi, lapho amalungu amaningi ephalamende eqaphela ukungavumelani nenqubomgomo yeCancellor.

Inhloko kahulumeni ingakha iKhabhinethi YabaNgqongqoshe, inqume inani lezihlalo zalo nobubanzi bezikhonzi. Iziphakamiso ekuxosheni noma ukuqokwa kwazo, uqala ukunikeza umongameli. Kusukela ngo-2005, u-Angela Merkel useyisikhundla se-chancellor.

I-Bundestag

Umzimba omkhulu wezomthetho ongasigxiliwe yi-Bundestag noma iPhalamende lase-federal. Ukhetho lwePhalamende eJalimane luqhutshwa njalo eminyakeni emine. Ulawula imisebenzi kahulumeni, wenza futhi adlulise imithetho, ukhetha unkhansela. Amalungu ePhalamende ahlanganisa i-Presidium (usihlalo kanye namaphini akhe), uMkhandlu wabadala, amakomidi, amaqembu, ukuphathwa kanye namaphoyisa we-Bundestag.

Ukukhethwa eJalimane kubanjwe ohlelweni oluxubekile. Ingxenye yamaphini ayokhethwa ngokuvota okuyimfihlo, enye ingxenye ihamba ngezinhlu ezivela ezweni ngalinye. Zombili lezi zigaba zixhunyane. Ivoti yokuqala inikeza ukulungiswa kokubunjwa kwamaqembu, okwesibili - inquma isakhiwo seqembu samandla.

Abameli bephalamende bangamelwa yizinhlangano eziye zanqoba ngamaphesenti angu-5 noma ngaphezulu kwamavoti noma zanqotshwa ezindaweni ezintathu ezigunyaziwe. Inani lezihlalo liyi-631. Izihlalo zemidlalo ngayinye edlule zibalwa ngokuvumelana nendlela kaSaint-Lagu, ngokuvumelana nenani lamavoti awatholile okhethweni.

Bundesrat

Isimo sombuso sezwe sithi izinqumo ezibalulekile zenziwa emazingeni amabili: kuzwelonke (federal) kanye nesifunda. Insimu yaseJalimane ihlukaniswe ngamazwe angu-16. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iHamburg, iBerlin neBremen yizindawo ezisemadolobheni. Ngamunye wabo unephalamende lakhe, amandla aphezulu kanye namagunya.

Izithakazelo zezifunda ephalamende eliphakathi zimelelwa yiBunratrat. Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yiyona indlu ephezulu, nakuba kubhekwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi kukhona ikamelo elilodwa kuphela ephalamende. I-Bundesrat ngumzimba wezomthetho onelungelo lokuphakamisa futhi inselele iningi lemithetho.

Lona akuyona inhlangano ekhethiwe, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokusebenza. Njengamanje, limelelwa abantu abangu-69. Kusuka kuhulumeni wezwe ngalinye kulo kuthunyelwe kusuka kubantu abayisithathu kuya kwabangu-6, kuye ngobukhulu bayo. Isikhundla sokukhetha kuphela e-Bundesrat yisithuba sikasihlalo wayo. Amalungu alo mzimba akhethele unyaka.

I-Landtag nokhetho lendawo

IPhalamende lezwe ngalinye elihlukile libizwa ngokuthi i-Landtag. Limelela umzimba omkhulu wezomthetho ezingeni lesifunda. Zonke izinqumo zithathwa e-plenum evaliwe, eqhutshwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwamacembu kanye namaphini.

Amazwe ahlukaniswe ngamadolobha, imiphakathi yasemaphandleni kanye namakomidi, lapho imizimba yokuzibusa ikhona khona. Ukhetho lwasekhaya eJalimane lwenziwa ngokufaniswa nokhetho lonke. Abavoti bavotela ukwakheka kwemikhandlu yesigodi, yasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni, okubizwa nangokuthi "amaphalamende wendawo".