I-Etatizm ... I-Etatism: inzuzo neqholo

Leli gama lezibalo livela eFrance elithi "State", elisho ngokuhunyushwa lisho "isimo". I-Etatism ingumqondo wokucabanga kwezombusazwe, okubheka ukuthi umbuso ube yimpumelelo enkulu nemigomo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.

Igama elithi "izibalo"

Umlando weli gama uvela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 eFrance. Ubaba wakhe uthathwa njengoSwitzerland u-Back Dro. Wayengumphathi wezombangazwe ophumelelayo nomphakathi. Ngo-1881 no-1887 wayengumongameli we-Swiss Union. UDemocrat ngokumelene nemvelo kanye nokuphikisana nobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, wakhuthaza ukuqiniswa kokuqala kweSwitzerland Confederation. I-Back Drou yaqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "izibalo" ngokuqondile emphakathini lapho imigomo yombuso yaba khona ebaluleke ngaphezu kwezimiso zenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Kunoma yisiphi isimo kukhona izici zesistimu ebizwa ngokuthi izibalo. Izinzuzo nokuziqhenya kwalesi senzakalo sezombangazwe zihlolisiswa kakhulu ezinsukwini zethu. Kodwa-ke akubona abaningi abakubona kule nto yezombusazwe enhle ezweni.

Abamele

Umqondo oyinhloko, izici ezinhle nezimbi ezibalo, kuye kwafundwa iminyaka eminingana. Lesi simo sibhekwa emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni. Abameli abakhulu bezibalo ziyizazi zefilosofi, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nezamlando. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuphatha nezihloko ezinikezwe kule ndaba. Indima ehola yombuso emphakathini yabhalwa izazi zefilosofi zakudala njenge-Aristotle noPlato, umbono wabo wasekelwa kamuva e-Italy - uNiccolo Machiavelli, eNgilandi - Hobbes, Germany - Hegel.

Izimiso zezibalo

Isimiso esiyinhloko yingxenye ebalulekile yombuso kuzo zonke izinqubo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, ezomnotho, kanye nensimu yokwenza umthetho. Umsebenzi wezinsiza zikahulumeni yisidingo sokuba nethonya eliqhubekayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komphakathi. Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, umphakathi awunakho amandla okuzimela: uhulumeni kumele "asize" izakhamizi zawo.

Esinye isimiso esiyisisekelo sezibalo ukuthi umbuso ungumthombo wentuthuko. Izinkampani ezizimele, imidiya enkulu, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwebhizinisi alinalo ilungelo lokuba khona. I-apparatus kahulumeni ingumuntu oyedwa oyedwa oyedwa owenza umsebenzi.

Umgomo olandelayo ubizwa ngokuthi ukungenelela. Akuyona into ngaphandle komgomo wokuphazanyiswa kwabantu bomphakathi empilweni yabantu abazimele. Umgomo oyinhloko kahulumeni ukuvimbela i-revolution, ukulawula imikhakha yezimboni, ukuphatha ubuningi nokuqapha yonke imikhakha yokuphila yabantu bayo.

Esinye isimiso esibalulekile sesibalo sezombangazwe, esifuna ukusungula uMbuso kaNkulunkulu yonke indawo. Bayibeka inkolo kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, "isonto" lombuso lwenzeka. Ngokombono we-etatists oqinisekisiwe, isonto kumele libe nethonya kuzo zonke izigaba empilweni yomuntu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwabiwa kanye nokwabiwa kwemfihlo kwenkolo kwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, inqubomgomo enjengaleyo, njengoba umlando ubonisa, ayilindelekile empumelelweni, iholela ekuziphatheni komphakathi, okubonakala ngokufana neBolshevism noma iNational Socialism (Nazism, fascism).

Izinzuzo

Cabanga ngokufaneleka kanye nokuhlaselwa kwe- etatism. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ukuthi abantu bahlanganyela ekwakheni isimo esiqinile, esizimele nesiphuthukile esenza ngempumelelo umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa. Ukuhlala ensimini yezwe elinjalo, abantu akufanele bakhathazeke ngengozi yabo yomphakathi, ukutholakala kwemisebenzi kanye nezinga eliphansi lomnotho. Bathembela ngokuphelele isimo, futhi lokho, kubangele, kubanikeze ithemba esikhathini esizayo. Isikimu esilula sivela: abantu bavota, futhi banesibopho sokunikeza abantu babo ngokuphila okuphephile nokuphepha komphakathi. Kodwa, njengoba kuyaziwa, akulona uhlelo olulodwa olusebenza kahle, ngakho-ke siphendukela enhlangothini ehamba phambili yemali.

I-Cons

Umbuso uthatha isikhundla sokuqeda indima yawo. Ngamanye amazwi, kungashiwo ukuthi izibalo zidala imodeli ethi "UNkulunkulu emhlabeni." Kukhona okuthiwa i-stateization of all izinhlobo zokuphila komuntu. Ayikho inkundla yomsebenzi lapho uhulumeni engenzi khona. Eqinisweni, izibalo ziwukulawulwa kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi, zonke izakhiwo, indawo yokudla, amagatsha omphakathi wokuphila komuntu. Kukhona ukupheleliswa okuphelele kokuphathwa. Izibalo zomthetho zihlanganisa ukufakwa kwezimiso namagugu. Ukubhujiswa kwezakhi zomphakathi kudala izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezempi-bureaucratic statehood ngesimo sezibalo eziphelele.

Isibalo sabantu siphenduka sibe yisisindo esisodwa esikhulu se-inert, esingalawulwa kalula.

I-Ethics ne-Anarchism

U-Nikolo Machiavelli noGeorg Wilhelm Hegel yizona theorists ezikhulunywe kakhulu ezakha imibono yezibalo. Babekholelwa ukuthi izibalo zihlukile ngokuqondile kwe-anarchism. Ngokombono wabo, indlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nezimpikiswano emigwaqweni, ukweba, ukubulala kanye nokunye ukungabi namthetho ukukhulisa indima kahulumeni.

UMacavavelli wayefuna ukuvuselela i-Italy ehlukanisiwe, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibhekene nokubhujiswa nokuphanga. Isikhundla sakhe sabelwa ngokuphelele nguHegel, owayefuna amandla eJalimane. Wazama ukuhlanganisa wonke amaJalimane futhi aqiniseke ukuthi ayengabasekhaya futhi kufanele alalele imithetho yawo.

Bobabili uMacavavelli noHegel bakholelwa ukuthi amandla amakhulu okuzibusa wombuso yisimo esibaluleke kakhulu senkululeko yesintu. Babuye bakholelwa ukuthi abantu kufanele bahlanganyele ekudalweni komthetho futhi baxazulule izindaba ezibalulekile ezingeni likahulumeni. Imodeli enjalo kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi "isimo sokuziphatha". Futhi amazwe amaningi asebenzisa ngisho nanamuhla.

Izibonelo zezibalo

Umlando ukhumbula izibonelo eziningi zemizamo e-etatism. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla afana neJapane, i-China, i-United States, i-Azejbardjan. Izakhi ezibonakalayo zalesi simo, ezifana nezibalo eRussia, futhi.

Kodwa esinye sezibonelo ezithinta kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kwakuyiMongameli wokuqala weTurkey, uMustafa Kemal Pasha-Ataturk (iminyaka yokubusa kuka 1923-1938). Wazama "ukuwina" zonke izinkampani kanye nezikhungo, okwakubonakala sengathi unesithakazelo esincane kuhulumeni. Ukuguqulwa kwakhe nokuzama ukuguqula isakhiwo samandla wonke kwafaka izinguquko ezithile. Ukuziphatha ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Kemalism" ehlonishwayo e-Turkey njengemfundiso esemthethweni kahulumeni, yabethulela ezinhlelweni ze-People's Republican Party (1931) futhi yahlanganiswa ngokomthethosisekelo (ngo-1937).

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okungcono komqondo wezibalo, ungaphendukela ezincwadini. UGeorge Orwell wabhala incwadi enengqondo futhi ekholelwayo, i-anti-utopia, eyayizinikele ngokuyinhloko emcabangweni wokwenza izwe lonke. Leveli ibizwa ngokuthi "ngo-1984", futhi inokuthandwa kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba. Isakhiwo sisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi emhlabeni oqanjiwe uhulumeni ugcina yonke into ngaphansi kokulawula nokuqondiswa kwayo: abantu bayaphiwa yonke indawo. Akukho ndawo ngisho nokuphila kwangasese, futhi noma yiliphi igatsha ligcwele ngaphansi kwethonya leqembu. Abantu banqatshelwe ukucabanga, babe abangane kanye nothando. Noma yisiphi isenzo esingekho emthethweni sijeziswa ngokuqinile nemithetho eguqukayo futhi ifakwa njalo ngosuku. Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwalo msebenzi, izwe laphefumula futhi ngokwesaba kulindeleke ukuthi kube khona lokho.

Ukuziphatha eRussia

Izibalo zomthetho zisakazeke emhlabeni jikelele emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa. Futhi iRussia ayizinaki lesi simo sezombusazwe. Izakhi zalo mqondo zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwe.

E-Russia, izibalo zibonakaliswa ngenzuzo yezintshisekelo zikahulumeni ezinkampanini ze-metallurgical kanye namafutha kanye negesi, kanye nokulawula amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi. Eqinisweni, uhulumeni udala ukwakha izinkampani ezinkulu kunabo bonke abakhokhi bentela bezwe elifanayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umthetho ophathelene nalezi zimboni uguquke njalo hhayi kubantu abavamile.

Kodwa-ke, ngeshwa, ukungahambisani kwentela akuwona kuphela uphawu lwesitatimende eRussia. Umbuso uphinde uphazamise amabhizinisi amancane, ngisho nangokuthi inzuzo encane iqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka, ukuhleleka, ukufinyelela kokudla noma amasevisi emadolobheni amancane. Imithetho iyashintsha njalo, ngezinye izikhathi iba ngumane ongenakubekezelelwa kubamabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi izixhobo zikahulumeni zithatha amabhizinisi amancane angasese.

I-etatism namuhla

Namuhla, bonke ososayensi bezombangazwe baseNtshonalanga baye bavumelana ngendlela efanayo. Bayaqiniseka ukuthi imibono yezibalo ngokusebenzayo iphenduka ubuholi bombuso, ukugqugquzela umnotho futhi kuholela emncintiswaneni wezandla (okunjalo, ikakhulukazi umbuso wamaKhomanisi).

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu nezinye eziningi, abantu emhlabeni jikelele babheka intando yeningi nenkululeko yokucabanga. Bazimisele kakhulu ukusebenzisana ngokuthula kanye nezikhali zikahulumeni futhi basebenzisane ngendlela efanele. Kodwa akekho isakhamuzi esifisa ukuzithoba ngokuphelele futhi sibe ngaphansi kwegunya eligcwele nokulawula kusuka esimweni sakhe.