Protists - lokhu ... kwebalingisi nezici kwesakhiwo

Uma uthi nhlá, kubonakala sengathi systematics yesimanje wayeseyitholile zonke taxa ezinkulu akusho sokuphikisa. Kodwa akunjalo. Wena uke wezwa ka ezinjalo ubunye ehlelekile njengoba protists? Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke i-athikili yethu ukuphi.

Umlando yokutholakala

Protists - umqondo ukuthi yethulwa ku isayensi semvelo German Ernst Haeckel. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1886. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuvele kwaziwa ukuthi laba ababili imibuso imvelo: ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Zonke ezinye eziphilayo nengcweti alethwe protists. Kodwa isayensi akemi namanje. Systematics isehlane izici ezintsha ezinkulu, ukudala taxa. Futhi ngo-1969, i-semvelo American Roberg Whittaker echazwe protists abe nombono wanamuhla. By endleleni, lokhu usosayensi ngokuthi umbhali kohlelo "imibuso ezinhlanu." esigabeni okunjalo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo esasebenza nanamuhla.

Izimpawu protists

Ngu protists konke eziphilayo, umzimba asisho ukukhiqiza lezi izindwangu. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi singakanani akha amaseli. Isakhiwo libhekene protists-nucleus. Phakathi izitshalo basonta kuleli ulwelwe iqembu. protists Heterotrophic ethulwa lenyama nezinto eziphilayo gribopodobnymi.

Isakhiwo ulwelwe

Incazelo protists kuqale izitshalo kuqala ukuthi uvele emhlabeni - ulwelwe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abamele metazoans. It chlamydomonas futhi Chlorella. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke umzimba wabo imelelwa kuseli eyodwa, bafeza zonke izinqubo zokuphila. Lokhu ukuphefumula ngokusebenzisa igobolondo eyayimfuqa ngu lo msila, umsoco Autotrophic, ukukhiqizwa kabusha sokuhlukanisa kabili noma sporulation. ulwelwe ezinamangqamuzana amaningi zahlukahlukene ngaphezulu. Ngo amangqamuzana omzimba wabo axhunyiwe anatomically, kodwa musa akha izicubu. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama thallus noma thallus.

protists heterotrophic

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinhlobo bayakwazi udle izithako organic kuphela ngomumo. protists Heterotrophic - kukhona owumphumela, noma lenyama. Naphezu igama, isakhiwo sabo futhi kunzima ngempela. Omunye obujwayelekile abameleli olula Paramecium caudatum. Njengazo zonke izilwane surface yabo iyunithi emelelwa ulwelwesi plasma kanye pellicle emelela igcwele embhedeni cytoplasm. organelles unomphela lezi protists kukhona wokugaya ukudla bese contractile vacuole. Eyokuqala Kwenziwa enzymatically ekuxazululeni izinto eziphilayo, kanti eyesibili - ukulawulwa ingcindezi osmotic futhi amanzi nosawoti exchange.

Ngo ciliates kwenzeka ngisho inqubo ngokobulili, okuyinto ethatha ngesimo conjugation. Kulokhu izilwane ezimbili bukhomba kwakhiwa ibhuloho cytoplasmic, lapho i-nucleus ye ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo benana phakathi kwazo. zahlukahlukene kakhulu organelles ukunyakaza protists heterotrophic. Ngo ciliates kukhona cilia eziningi Euglena - a msila olulodwa. Kodwa amoeba Proteus yakha ziboya angesiwo agcwele cytoplasm, ababiziweyo pseudopodia, noma pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Leli qembu protists okufana amakhowe yangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, umzimba anezikhala umelwe labyrinthulomycetes ezulazulayo plasmodia. A wall cell siqukethe eqinile Oomycetes cellulose. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo yokuzala asexual, akha zoospores ephathekayo. Lezi izimpawu ejwayelekile polryadka gifohitridievyh, eziningi zazo izimuncagazi intracellular ulwelwe ezingenamgogodla.

I izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele

Protists - kukhona eziphilayo unezici engavamile kakhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa pseudopodia gribopodobnyh labyrinthulomycetes. Bona uhlangane ne izakhiwo efanayo lamaseli elingumakhelwane, ukudala wonke inethiwekhi. abameleli oda ebekelwa esihlukile protuberance hrizofitovye ngokuthi gaptonemoy. Siqukethe microtubules, sizungezwe isiteshi reticulum endoplasmic. Ngo-dinoflagellate waphawula isakhiwo zabo eziyingqayizivele nucleus, ama-chromosome okuyizinto njalo isimo spiralizirovannom.

Kuyini polyphyly

Isikhathi esining impela protists ngokuthi iqembu polyphyletic, noma taxon. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke yakhiwa eziphilayo okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ziyezwana namanxusa amanye amayunithi taxonomic akufakiwe kulokhu. Ngakho, nje ubheke kwezilwane, futhi ulwelwe - kuya umbuso isitshalo. taxa Polyphyletic aziyona ingxenye taxonomy yesimanje, ngoba abameleli babo abanayo kukhokho oyedwa. Izibonelo maqembu yizilwane nongenanembeza noma amagciwane Autotrophic.

Ngakho, protists - ke eziphilayo eukaryotic, okuyinto musa yakha lezi kwezicubu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona olulodwa futhi amaningi, nezimpendulo kanye heterotrophs. Ukuze abameleli yesimanje ye protists kukhona ulwelwe, lenyama kanye gribopodobnye eziphilayo.