Buthule zokuxhumana - izinhlobo nezibonelo

Lokho esivame ukuthini igama elithi "ukuxhumana"? Xhumana nathi nabantu ezimnandi, exchange kolwazi, ukuxhumana. Ngesikhathi lapho zonke izinyathelo okufanele bazuze futhi inzuzo, ngokwethukela ukhuluma ngani yokuthi ukuxhumana kumele kube "elikhiqizayo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izenzo zokuxhumana kunenjongo, futhi kufanele kucatshangelwe hhayi kuphela ukuwufinyelela belungiselela ingxoxo ebalulekile mayelana ozokusho, kodwa futhi ingxenye non-ngamazwi, okungukuthi, ulimi umzimba wakho indlela yekuma, izingubo nendawo mayelana interlocutor. Ngezansi sizobheka kuyini zokuxhumana ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka futhi kusukela lapho yakhiwa izinhlelo uphawu.

ukuxhumana ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka - a ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka ukuziphatha, ukukhulumisana, esebenzisa ukuthinta nezinye izimpawu. Kuyinto indlela "uthi akukho mazwi," futhi ngezinye izikhathi emzimbeni wethu "ukhuluma" ngathi, ukuthi ngeke singase siphawule ngokwezinga eligcwele. Lokhu kuxhumana senzeka, ngisho nalapho kungekho exchange ngamazwi. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho kusigaba izinhlobo zokuxhumana non-ngamazwi. Omunye wabo amasistimu uphawu ezilandelayo:

1. optical-kinetic uhlelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isimo sobuso nomzimba wethu limi. Ngokusobala, motility isiyonke ngabanye zomzimba (izandla, ubuso) okuhambisa interlocutor ngokomzwelo futhi ukusabela ngokuvamile sigcwalisa futhi kugxilise okubangelwa contact yayo imininingwane amazwi. Kabanzi kuchazwe ukungaqondani ezisuka kusukela incazelo ayilungile nangezandla, isibonelo, abanamasiko ahlukahlukene. It elulela bese uyatjho kobana ukuthinta kungaqondakala ukuthi eqinisweni engqondweni "umlingani" lwakho ngale ndaba futhi benyathelisa izincwadi eziningi. Nakuba ekhaleni ayikwazi emibi kusukela ungumqambimanga, njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba nokuthile, party oqaphelayo abakwazi ukusizakala le ngxenye ukunakwa. Iphutha main eyenziwe abantu abaningi abathola ukuthi usanda kuqala baqonde isayensi "funda" ukuthinta - ukwelapha ngamunye wabo kuthathwe ngokwehlukile. Njengezinye izinhlelo uphawu ezakha zokuxhumana non-ngamazwi, uhlelo ezibonakaliso ukuthinta uyakwazi futhi, kunalokho, buthaka amazwi senzo.

2. paralinguistic, uhlelo extralinguistic. Bona umphelelisi ke ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ezifana iphimbo, ikolitayi Izinga lokukhuluma, ukuhleka, ukuhlaba ikhefu engxoxweni. Kwezokuxhumana ebhaliwe, isibonelo, kwi-Internet, lapho iqoqo lezi zimali kukhawulwe, sebenzisa okuthiwa izithonjana. Inkulumo amayunithi awayona, kodwa acacise incazelo umyalezo kokuba ngocansi; ezibalulekile Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zingabantu ngamazwe.

3. nemibandela inqubo ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, kokubili space kanye nesikhathi. Lokhu kubuye ebalulekile isimo yokuxhumana. Indlela lapho izinhlangothi ahlelwe isihlobo komunye nomunye, baveze bayakwethemba futhi ukunakekela nomunye, futhi ekuqaleni ingxoxo ungabeka tone yonke ingxoxo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi sigxile kulezi zindaba ivuliwe lapho umongameli etafuleni, nalapho indawo ehlelekile izivakashi; indlela ahlale, abahlanganyeli ezingxoxweni. Ukuxoxisana buthule futhi isibalo izinto ezifana ukunamathela bamukeleke ethile isiko, izinkambiso ibanga phakathi interlocutors. Emazweni amaningi, abangane alikho eduze kakhulu, lokhu ibanga kufanele ibe ngu- 40 cm, noma esikhundleni uthemba interlocutor uzizwe ubutha kuphela. Futhi egqanyisiwe igatsha ekhethekile yolwazi lokubhekana nezinkinga yenhlangano yesikhashana futhi kwezendawo zokuxhumana - kuba proxemics. Siqokomisa, ngokukhethekile, futhi izici ezithile spatio-temporal of nezimo ezithile (chronotopes - elithi AA Uhtomoskogo). Ngokwesibonelo, kuba umphumela "umngane ugingqe" owaziwa lapho abantu ezingajwayelekile kukhona frank ikakhulukazi nomunye.

4. Eye contact. kanjani ngokuphumelelayo nje eba ekuxhumaneni buthule, ngokwezinga elikhulu incike kangaki futhi esingakanani ezinhlangothini ababukele amehlo nomunye. Lokho kuhlangana ngemehlo (noma ukungamthandi kwakhe) kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi ngabe umlingani unesithakazelo ingxoxo, njengoba livulekele inkhulumomphendvulwano.

Singasho ukuthi ekuxhumaneni buthule, ukuba wabalula izinhlelo uphawu, uyakwazi adlulisele ngokugcwele lokho okushiwo umyalezo wezwi. Nokho, kukhona isimo ezibalulekile: bonke abahlanganyeli yokuxhumana kumele usebenzise "ulimi" ezivamile ikhodi. Kodwa ukukhethwa izinhlamvu, izinto, njengezithombe amagama inkulumo, kuyinto umsebenzi onzima. Yena ngokuphindaphindiwe wazama ukuxazulula, isibonelo, K. Bordvistl noma P. Ekman. Nokho, ukuxhumana ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa inkulumo, umphelelisi ngisho okunye esikhundleni sako, futhi ulwazi izingxenye zalo kuyasiza kahle ukwakha zokuxhumana nsuku zonke futhi umsebenzi imisebenzi.