Iyini i-decadence futhi iyini isikhundla sayo ezincwadini namuhla?

Ukuphakamisa umbuzo walokho okushiwo yi-decadence, umuntu kufanele aqhube isifundo somlando wokubukeka kwencazelo uqobo. Futhi lo mqondo wazalwa eFrance, futhi amagama athi "ukwehla" futhi "ukubola" kuyasebenza njengenguqulo yawo. Ngokumba ngokujulile, ungathola impande yaleli gama ku-notation yesiLatini yokuwa. Ngakho yini i- decadence? Ubani nokuthi kuphi ukuwa nokuthi yini edilikayo? Futhi ngokujwayelekile, ngokuqondene nobani noma yini okufanele isetshenziswe?

Kuvela ukuthi ukuhlambalaza kuyisiqondiso kwezobuciko. Ngezinye izikhathi leli gama libhekisela ekuziphatheni komuntu onemibono yakhe ehambisana ne-decadence. Le mkhuba yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka lemashumi amabili, lapho ukuphazamiseka kwemlando yokuphila komphakathi kwenza abantu abadala bakwazi ukucubungula izikhundla zabo zokudala. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sezinhlekelele zomphakathi phakathi kwabantu baqala ukuzulazula imizwelo enhle, ukulahla impilo ngokujwayelekile, ukuthambekela kokuzimela komuntu kanye nemizwa yokuphelelwa ithemba nokuphelelwa ithemba. Ubuciko njengoba kutholakala indlela yokukhishwa kwempilo yezombangazwe nezombusazwe yomphakathi, sinquma ukuthi lesi sikhundla - okuwukuphela kweqiniso, enikeza inkululeko yangempela ekudaleni ubuciko. Ngakho-ke, embuzweni, ukuthi yini i-decadence, ungaphinde unikeze enye impendulo: ukubalekela empeleni, ukwenqaba ukuveza kwezombusazwe kanye nobuzwe emsebenzini wakho.

Ngakho-ke izidakamizwa zibonisa kanjani? Izingqikithi ezithandwayo kulezi zindlela zokudweba ziwukufa nokungaveli, ukulangazelela imigomo nengokomoya, iphupho lekusasa elihle ngaphandle kweqiniso. Lesi siqondiso sakhiwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zobuciko. Awuyidlulanga kanye nezincwadi. Kuyini ukuhlaselwa kwezincwadi?

Abaningi-mlando bezobuciko bezobuciko, becabanga ngalesi siqondiso, sebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "neo-romanticism", "modernism" kanye "nesimo". Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke azikwazi ukukhanyisa ngokugcwele ukubola, ngokuvamile ukuthi ziyingxenye yenhlangano evamile. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwezincwadi kubuyele emuva ekhulwini le-18, umsunguli walo okuthiwa uMontququieu, nomlandeli olandelayo - umlobi nomgxekayo ovela eFrance Desiree Nizard.

Kodwa-ke, abagxeka abaningi abazange bathande izincwadi zalolu hlobo, futhi benza igama elithi "decadence" elimangazayo, amakhambi kaVictor Hugo kanye nokuthandana ngokuvamile. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sibonise ukuthi imisebenzi kaHugo kanye ne-adherent yomqondisi ka-Edgar Allan Poe, okucatshangwa nathi, isasetshenziswa ngentshiseko ngabantu banamuhla. Akusikhohliwe thina noCharles Baudelaire, noTheophilus Gautier, owenza ngegama-ukuhlambalaza igama elisetshenziswe njengesibonakaliso sokuhlonipha.

Babecabanga ukuthi i-decadence iphika "ukuvinjelwa kwe-banal." Phakathi kwezidakamizwa zaseRussia "zesizukulwane esidala" (1880-1890), izimbongi ezinjalo odumile kanye nabalobi njenge-A. Dobrolyubov, F. Sologub, K. Balmont, I. Konevskaya, Zinaida Gippius, D. Merezhkovsky kanye noBryusov "ekuseni". I-Modern eRussia nayo imelwe yi-pre-symbolist M.Minskiy, umlobi we-prose uLN Andreev, I.F. Annensky.

Ngokulandelayo, imibono yokuhlaselwa yabeka isisekelo samanye amaxhaso amaningi anamuhla. Ziyabonakala ku-A. Blok no-A. Akhmatova, u-V. Bryusov no-V. Kandinsky, u-I. Stravinsky nabanye abaningi, manje ababizwa ngokuthi ama-classic ezincwadi zaseRussia.

Esikhathini sethu, le samanje iqala ukuvuthwa kwayo okusha kokuchuma. NgoFebruwari wangonyaka odlule weminyaka eyikugcina, uMarusya Klimova (umlobi) noTimur Novikov (umculi) babenomkhosi owenziwe ngokuthi "Dark Nights". Futhi lokhu kwakuyisiqalo kuphela. Ngo-1005, umkhosi wabanjwa kwiClub eBrest eMoscow ngaphansi kobuholi bomholi weqembu elithi "Boston Tea Party" uVladimir Preobrazhensky. Namuhla, ukwehluleka kokubhala ngokweqile kuye kwahlukaniswa nomhlaba, kusukela kumasayithi amaGothic nama-Retro, cishe eveza izethameli zawo kwi-Intanethi. "Ukuhlukumezeka kwama-Courtesan" ezweni lanamuhla maduzane kufinyelele ekutheni kudume kakhulu kwe-decadence ngesikhathi esiqongweni sayo - ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nele-19 leminyaka.