Inbreeding - kuyini? Inbreeding: izibonelo

Izimpumelelo sabantu zofuzo futhi izisekelo zayo omkhulu theory kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo ezenzeka esikhathini izindawo, uvumele abantu ukuba basebenzise lolu lwazi izidingo zabo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, izenzakalo evame kakhulu ezifana inbreeding futhi outbreeding. Okuningi ajwayelekile kubo bonke lahlotshaniswa nalemibandela - ukulalana kwezihlobo. Ziyini lezi izinqubo kusuka Ngokombono ongokwesayensi nalokho umuntu ongayifinyelela ngokusebenzisa kwabo, sichaza kulesi sihloko.

Inbreeding - kuyini?

Ukuze uqale ukuchaza ngokugcwele lo mbono. Ngakho, inbreeding, zofuzo ekhuluma ngolimi lwesayensi, kuyinto lokuhlushwa efanayo Uzalo alleles ehlanganisa eyodwa genotype, okungukuthi ephilayo ethile.

Uma ezingaphezu kuka amazwi alula ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo "inbreeding - okungukuthi," singasho ukuthi kuwelwa okunenjongo amafomu ehlobene eduze phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane, abantu ngenjongo yokuzuza ku genotype ka alleles ezithile isakhi abathwele ezifiselekayo. Eqinisweni, kukhona omqondofana eziningana inqubo. Ngakho, uma kuziwa lokwanda kwabantu, imishado ehlobene eduze libizwa ukulalana kwezihlobo. Uma ukhuluma ngezilonda izitshalo, bese omunye ukhuluma inbreeding. Inbreeding - umqondo emfuyo. Nokho, leli gama ingaphinda isetshenziswe kwezitshalo zizalela.

heterosis

Kukhona into efana kwedlulela ka inbreeding. Lokhu kwenzeka uma:

• isilwane uyakwazi self-kokukhulelwa;
• plant self-impova.

Kulezi zimo, buthelela izizukulwane alleles homozygous nge isici efiswayo ingumuthi lula kakhulu, eqinisweni ayifakiwe isethi wama-chromosomes abantu ezahlukene. Le mpahla kabanzi lisetshenziswe zokuzalanisa izitshalo. Abantu ngabanye abavela kuzo isizukulwane sokuqala by self-impova ngokuvamile akhiqiza Imiphumela enjalo, lapho isivuno luyanda 60%! Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi heterosis eyaziwa, futhi indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ngokukhiqiza imikhiqizo efana Lokudabuka isitshalo, njenge:

• ukotini;
• pepper;
• uphizi;
• ubhontshisi;
• ezisawolintshi;
• kakolweni;
• ibhali kanye nabanye.

Imibandela inbreeding, eyenziwa indoda may buyiselo proyavlyaemosti eziyingozi ukudluliswa isakhi sofuzo esifundazwe sakubo heterozygous ezizukulwaneni zayo. Lokhu kwenziwa Ukukhetha yokufakelwa. Uma isitshalo uhlala ezimweni zemvelo, ukukhethwa ezinjalo kakhulu ubunjalo senzeka, kungokwemvelo. Yingakho ngokwemvelo phakathi izitshalo self-impova cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuhlangabezana sengozini, Ukuhlanekezelwa kanye nezifo ezimbi zofuzo.

Umlando umqondo ukuthuthukiswa

Uma ugxumele umlando, umbono zokulala nesihlobo, kwakunesijeziso kukhona endala kakhulu, kusukela esikhathini oFaro. Impucuko ezahlukene beqonda ehlukile lesi simanga. Ngokwesibonelo, lasendulo Roma ukulalana kwezihlobo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isono esikhulu. Kodwa ezindaweni ezifana Egypt, e-Europe, i-pre-Columbian Melika, futhi bonke abanamathela zobuqaba, le nqubo kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela ingxenye evamile yokuphila. Bazalwane washada ngokukhululekile nodade, futhi ukwamukele njengoba kuvumela sokonga igazi "okuyigugu 'lwamakhosi esimweni imikhaya yasebukhosini kanye ne-royal. Nokho, iBhayibheli liye sinqatshiwe ukulalana kwezihlobo ezinjalo, ukulala nesihlobo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isono esikhulu, ngakho izwe lobuKristu lonke lume nge sikhathi izinqubo ezinjalo.

Uma sikhuluma izitshalo, izilwane, into is inbreeding, heterosis ukuthi abantu bafunda kuphela kamuva empirically. Kusobala ukuthi ngesikhathi ulwazi labantu zofuzo ayengenawo. Abantu babeqondiswa ukucaciseleka kuphela, tivivinyo zokuhlola. Nokho, kwanele aye abonakala: ukuthola izici oyifunayo futhi kokuwalungisa e nenzalo kufanele hybridize phakathi kwabo eduze amafomu ekhona isakhi sofuzo ezaboniswa ngaphandle.

Kuyefana nasendleleni izitshalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi XIV ekhulwini WaseTurkey Tulips isikhule kakhulu ngokwezifiso imibala etholwe inbreeding. Phakathi kwezilwane avame ngaphansi izinja inbreeding, njengoba enye yayineminyaka imfanelo eyinhloko ukuzingela, futhi yena, yona, - cishe ukuzijabulisa main.

Inbreeding e izinja, onikeza eziqine, hardiest futhi aqeqeshe umphumela ukuzingela izinja. Kuyiqiniso inani elikhulu labantu, okuvela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwabhujiswa.

Izinga kanye inbreeding

izifundo ze-theory umqondo Uphiwe ososayensi abaningi, kodwa imisebenzi eliyigugu kunawo wonke eyiNgisi Wright namaRashiya Kislovsky. Ndawonye, kodwa ngokwahlukana yilowo nalowo ngendlela, bakwazi ukwakha ifomula ukubala Coefficient inbreeding izizukulwane. Kuyinto kanje:

_{F x = Σ F (1/2)} n + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _a) * 100, lapho

• F _x - Coefficient inbreeding, obonakaliswe amaphesenti,
• F _a - inbreeding zisuka kukhokho oyedwa;
• n, n _i - lineages.

Uma wazi ezizukulwane eziningana zilwane, kanye babe ulwazi mayelana kakade ibalwa Coefficient inbreeding ngoba amadlozi, kungenzeka ukubala ngesilinganiso nganoma yisiphi umzimba. Kuphela kufanele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi izibalo zenziwa kuphela kusukela injongo theory. Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi le ndlela zinokungaqeqesheki, ngoba engayinaki alleles esikhubazayo ethwele ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo eziyingozi. Futhi kungase kube kokubili homo- futhi heterozygotes ngesikhathi inqubo njalo.

Ngakho-ke, imiphumela umkhuba azisafani ibalwa kwakuthiwa. Formula Wright-Kislovsky isetshenziswe kuphela uma ubhala ama-dissertation, amaphepha okuhlolwa anemibuzo, ucwaningo, lapho inani elikhulu idatha ezizukulwaneni eziningi kudinga systematization nezinkokhelo efanayo.

Uma sikhuluma ngezinga elithile inbreeding, ke siye esiqokiwe ngenhla. Inja zizalela umkhuba selisho zesi yayo saseRoma, okwakumnika ukukhombisa, lapho sizukulwane sinesikhathi kukhokho oyedwa uphawu efanele.

ngezigaba

Vala (eduze) inbreeding - kuyini? Lena ngenye yama-inqubo ezihlukile, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi. Futhi isehlane inbreeding nokulinganisela ezikude. Ukuze uqonde umehluko oyinhloko futhi ukufana okukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene, sibheke ngamunye wabo.

inbreeding eduze

Lona fomu kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyingozi yenqubo. Ubizwa kokuwela abaseduze ngegazi izinhlobo isihlobo. Uma zihunyushelwe womuntu izihlobo -degree, kuba, isibonelo, umama nendodana, nendodakazi, umfowabo nodadewabo.

Ngo inezimpabano enjalo kwenzeka eduze exchange alleles efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, uphawu olufunayo ngokushesha inzalo isizukulwane sokuqala. Nokho, ingozi yokuthi ngamunye okuholela okuthwala ezifihliwe esikhubazayo isakhi sofuzo asabekayo khona uyakuba mkhulu, elikhulu inani inzalo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ekuqongeleleni okusheshayo izimpawu eziyingozi kanye sengozini avele, kukhona ukuzalwa kwengane isishonile, ukungazali eziphilayo.

ukubukwa ngokulinganisela

Okunjalo izilwane inbreeding ewela izihlobo ezikude. Njengoba yahunyushelwa olimini womuntu-degree izihlobo yilezi, isibonelo, abazala, nomshana wakhe, njalo njalo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ungase kancane kancane, okwenza ezikhethwe ngokucophelela, ukufeza homozygosity ngoba nokhetho olufunekayo. Le nqubo lide, kodwa kunciphisa eziyingozi alleles homozygous. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye bengathola ezinhle isizukulwane, eqinile, enempilo futhi ukubekezela cishe zonke udoti.

Yiqiniso, lo allele esikhubazayo ka isakhi sofuzo asabekayo usazoba sobala, mhlawumbe, hhayi kanye, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uyafa ngokuphelele, uya heterozygote.

umbono okude

Lokhu izilwane inbreeding kuhilela Ukunqamula akuyona njengabantu ngabanye ahlobene eduze. Ngakho, uma iphrojekthi abantu, kungaba, isibonelo, nabazala yesibili nodade.

A inqubo efanayo inika yi enganamandla kakhulu, ngokuvamile cishe ezingabonakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inezizukulwane abantu waba nezimfanelo ngokucijile ezimbi. Izilwane buhlungu nakakhulu, ababuthakathaka, zofuzo asabekayo yibona kanye imbangela sengozini.

Kusobala ukuthi ithola inzalo engcono, bakwazi ukudlulisela izinhlamvu awo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo, futhi ngakho, qhubeka ujabulisa iketango ngaphezulu - yilokhu yezinhloso inbreeding (inhloso isetshenziswa).

izibonelo crossbreeding

Inbreeding e nemfuyo esetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Futhi uyisibonelo abamele ezincelisayo kubonakala ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Akhuluma ngokuzokwenzeka inbreeding ezinjalo, izibonelo zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• thoroughbred ihhashi labantu;
• Imigqa ehlanzekile izinja purebred,
• zinhlobo izinhlobo monotony kwesokudla nokunye.

Ngomqondo onabile, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa crossover ukuba zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Nje kakhulu kuba ukuhlola okumsulwa. Kodwa inbreeding, izibonelo esiye letinikwe lapha ngenhla - lena umsebenzi kakhulu esisebenzayo.

Ikakhulukazi sokunconywa omkhulu kungokwalabo abanolwazi inja abalimi, owayemazi ngokuseduze yonke imininingwane kokuzalela futhi esikhiqiza inzalo enhle ngempela futhi unempilo. Kodwa zofuzo - isayensi kuyinto kungenasisekelo kakhulu, ngakho kwenzeka amaphutha. zezakhi zofuzo esikhubazayo ativete, kanye oyedwa bekungadingeka zingabafaneli ukudayiswa, ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile, wonke wokuphila.

Inbreeding e cynology

Njengoba sesiphawulile, inja azitshelwa izimfihlo lomkhuba ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye ochwepheshe. Inbreeding ezinjeni - isimo ebalulekile yokuzalanisa imigqa purebred. Abanolwazi inja abalimi wafakazela ukuthi umphumela elikhulu sibi inezimpabano ezinjalo.

NeMibandela yimpumelelo inbreeding izinja:

• umsunguli izinga genotype;
• abanekhono futhi indlela ibalwa ukuze inqubo;
• ukukhetha okukhethwa kukho ngokulinganisela.

Into esemqoka nganoma yisiphi umfuyi - ukuvimbela ekuqaleni inbreeding ukucindezeleka. Lona isimo emgqeni uma abantu baqala ukuthumela nomunye izakhi zofuzo asabekayo ezibangela sengozini. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke abantu ababuthakathaka, kubuhlungu futhi ngokuvamile abulawe.

outbreeding

Inbreeding e zokuzalanisa izitshalo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba izitshalo eziningi samoopylyaemy, ngakho ukusebenza kahle yayo iphakeme. Kodwa uma kuziwa izilwane, wasebenzisa kakhulu kuze kube manje outbreeding - nomphumela ophambene isakhiwo. Lokho ewela ngabanye ngokuvamile ezingahlobene ukukhokhela umugqa ezinhle thoroughbred. Ngale ndlela amahhashi ezifuywa, izinkomo, izinja kanye nezinye ezifuywayo. Outbreeding - indlela elula futhi enokwethenjelwa yokuzalanisa, njengoba ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane izinze abantwana bakwa-umkhiqizo.