Manganese (chemical elementi): izakhiwo kanye isicelo, isiqu degree of namachibi, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu steel metal kuyinto manganese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile isici esingavamile ngempela, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Ezibalulekile Ezingafundwa eziphilayo, kubalulekile ekulungiseleleni Alloys eziningi, amakhemikhali. Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, isithombe okuyinto kungabonwa ngezansi. Kwaba izakhiwo zakhe futhi izici okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Isici chemical isici

Uma sikhuluma manganese njengoba isici kohlelo gqwa, into yokuqala kufanele kube elichaza isikhundla sakhe kuwo.

1. Itholakala esikhathini sesine ezinkulu, iqembu lwesikhombisa, sub-ngamaqembu.
2. Inombolo ye-serial - 25. Manganese - i-elementi, ophathwa cores okuyinto ilingana 25 ama-athomu. Isibalo electron iyona neutron efanayo - 30.
3. Inani mass-athomu - 54,938.
4. Isikhundla chemical manganese isici - mn.
5. Igama Lesi'Latin - manganese.

Kutholwe phakathi chromium nensimbi, echaza ukufana yayo nabo ubunjalo bomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.

Manganese - isici chemical: inguquko metal

Uma sicabanga elinikeziwe ukucushwa athomu electron, ifomula ayo kuyodingeka ifomu: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ^5. Kuba sobala ukuthi isici yokubika contact - kuyinto metal ukwedlulela d-umndeni. electron Five enkulumweni 3d-sublevel mayelana ukuzinza ye-athomu, okuyinto kubonakala yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo.

Njengoba metal ekunciphiseni kuyinto manganese, kodwa iningi compounds yayo esekwazi ukubonisa futhi ngokwanele ikhono oxidizing. Lokhu kungenxa ngamazinga ahlukene namachibi futhi valences, okuyinto ine isici asebenzayo. Lona sici alo mkhaya of izinsimbi.

Ngakho, manganese - chemical isici, elise phakathi kwezinye athomu, nokuba siqu izici zayo ezikhethekile. Cabangela lokho okushiwo yilaba izakhiwo kabanzi.

Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali. namachibi degree

kakade We cited ifomula electronic ye-athomu. Ngokusho kwakhe, lesi sici uyakwazi ukuba ezinhle namachibi uthi. Ziyakwazi:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

I Valence kuyi-athomu ye kuyinto IV. Esitebeleni kunazo yilezo compounds lapho amanani avela e manganese +2, +4, +6. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu namachibi ivumela compounds ukwenza oxidants kuqine. Ngokwesibonelo: KMnO _4, MN ₂ O _7.

Compounds nge izinhloli ezimbili ekunciphiseni kukhona hydroxide, manganese (II) anezakhi amphoteric, nge predominance lasisekelo. degrees Lesisemkhatsini namachibi izinkomba yakha kwakwakhe amphoteric.

Umlando yokutholakala

Manganese - isici ikhemikhali uvulekele ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa kancane kancane futhi ososayensi ezahlukene. Nokho, ukuxhumana kwakhe, abantu babesebenzisa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. oxide Manganese (IV) elasetshenziselwa encibilika ingilazi. Omunye Italian wawuthi kwalokho lokhu kwakwakhe uveza umbala onsomi ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali ingilazi. Njengoba sihambisana nale, athi unesimo esifana kusiza ukuqeda turbidity e izibuko ezinemibala.

Kamuva e-Austria usosayensi Qaim siphatha wathola ucezu manganese metallic, ukulalela okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa pyurolizit (manganese oxide (IV)), umanyolo namalahle. Nokho, lokhu isampula babenegunya elikhulu ukungcola, ukuqeda ukuthi yayingakwazi, ngakho ukuvulwa akazange athathe indawo.

Kamuva namanje elinye usosayensi kwemiqondo njengoba inhlanganisela lapho ingxenye enkulu zaba kwensimbi okumsulwa. Kwaba Bergman, ngaphambili wathola nickel isici. Nokho, le ndaba ngaphambi kokuphela kwakungeyona ukuba.

Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, ibhalwe futhi wahlukaniswa ngesimo into elula okokuqala kuphumelele Karlu Sheele ngo-1774. Nokho, wakwenza ngayo I. Hahn, ngubani kuqede inqubo encibilika ucezu metal. Kodwa ngisho abakwazanga wokuqeda ngokuphelele ke amanyela futhi uthole 100% isivuno.

Noma kunjalo, lesi sikhathi kwaba ukutholakala ye-athomu. Lezi ososayensi efanayo Uzame wethe igama njengamaphayona. Bona eside manganezium sikhethwe. Nokho, ngemva kokutholakala magnesium waqala ukudideka futhi igama manganese lashintshwa laba wamanje (H. uDavide, 1908).

Njengoba manganese - isici chemical kabani izakhiwo awusizo kakhulu izinqubo eziningi Metallurgical, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwadingeka ukuba namanje ukuthola indlela khiqiza it ngesimo okumsulwa kakhulu. Le nkinga yaxazululeka ososayensi emhlabeni wonke, kodwa wakwazi ukuxazululwa kuphela ngo-1919 ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi R. Agladze - usosayensi Soviet wemithi. Okungukuthi, wathola indlela ezingaba sulphates futhi chloride manganese ngu-electrolysis ukuthola metal okumsulwa izidakamizwa okuqukethwe 99,98%. Manje le ndlela isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuba nemvelo

Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, isithombe into elula okuyinto kungabonwa ngezansi. Emvelweni, kukhona okuningi isotopes athomu, isibalo neutrons lapho siyahluka kakhulu. Ngakho, izinombolo mass ziyehluka uhla kusuka 44 kuya 69. Nokho, usizo ngokwengqikithi kuphela nzile i-elementi kokuba ukubaluleka ⁵⁵ MN, abanye babe negligibly iDemo isigamu-nokuphila, noma kukhona izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu.

Njengoba manganese - chemical isici lapho degree of namachibi siyahluka kakhulu, kanye compounds emvelweni njengoba yakha kakhulu. Ngesimo okumsulwa, element ayitholakali nhlobo. Amaminerali kanye imikhando unomphela umakhelwane wakhe - yensimbi. Ubude kungenzeka ukuqoka ezinye rocks ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuhlanganisa manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. A elibona nxazonke ifomula: MNO ₂ * NH ₂ O.
2. i-molecule Psilomelane MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. Manganite ifomula MNO * OH.
4. Braunite abe imvelakancane kunegolide abanye. Ifomula ka MN ₂ O _3.
5. Hausmannite ifomula MN * MN ₂ O _4.
6. Rodonite MN ₂ (Sio _{3) 2.}
7. Manganese carbonate emkhandweni wensimbi.
8. Okusajingijolo rhodochrosite Spar noma - MnCO _3.
9. Purple - MN ₃ PO _4.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuba abekele amaminerali eziningana, okuyinto sihlanganisa element enixoxa ngalo. Ziyakwazi:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• namaminerali ubumba;
• chalcedony;
• Itshe Eliyigugu;
• isihlabathi futhi daka kwakwakhe.

Ngaphezu izimayini kanye sedimentary amatshe, amaminerali, manganese - chemical isici ukuthi likhona Ukwakheka zihlanganisa:

1. Plant eziphilayo. I ngemoto ngobukhulu lesi sici yilezi: amanzi onsundu, duckweed, diatoms.
2. Rust isikhunta.
3. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium.
4. Izilwane ezilandelayo: ezibomvu, ezinamagobolondo, ama-mollusk.
5. Abantu - isidingo yansuku zonke emayelana 3-5 mg.
6. Oceans aqukethe 0.3% amanzi kwalesi sakhi.
7. Okuqukethwe Imininingwane ku uqweqwe ka 0.1% ngesisindo.

Ngokuvamile, kuba 14 isici esivamile kunazo zonke kule planethi yethu. Phakathi esindayo yensimbi metal ngemva kokuba yesibili.

izakhiwo

Ngokombono izakhiwo manganese uyinto elula, kukhona eziningana izici eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama ngoba.

1. Ngo into elula kuba metal ngokwanele kanzima (Mohs 'esikalini Inkomba 4). Umbala - silvery ezimhlophe, emoyeni embozwe zokuzivikela oxide kwefilimu kwesigaba shiny.
2. Ukuncibilika iphuzu 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Abilayo - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. izakhiwo conductive okuhle, kuyinto paramagnetic.
5. Metal konga 7,44 g / cm ^3.
6. Kukhona ngesimo polymorphs ezine (α, β, γ, σ), zehlukene isakhiwo kanye ngehele ukuma kanye nokupakisha ukuminyana ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Futhi ezahlukene lokushisa yabo ukuncibilika.

Ngo yokusansimbi wasebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha akuvamile, ngoba ulula kakhulu ezakhiweni zalo.

chemical izakhiwo

Ngokombono i-chemistry, manganese - chemical isici kabani ion icala kuyahlukahluka kakhulu +2 kuya +7. It ishiya izibazi umsebenzi wayo. Ifomu khulula manganese emoyeni kancane kakhulu ihlangana emanzini, oncibilikayo acid alulaze. Nokho, kufanele sinyuse izinga lokushisa kwe-metal kuphela njengoba umsebenzi kwandisa kakhulu.

Ngakho, okwazi ukusabela nge:

• nitrogen;
• carbon;
• halogens;
• silicon;
• phosphorus;
• sulphur nabanye abangewona izinsimbi.

Lapho ukufuthelana metal ngaphandle komoya sihamba kalula isimo umusi. Kuye ngezinga of namachibi, okuyinto ubukisa manganese futhi compounds yayo kungaba kokubili ejenti ekunciphiseni futhi oxidizing ejenti. Ezinye abonise izakhiwo amphoteric. Ngakho, isici esiyisisekelo zezakhi, ngalo +2. Amphoteric - 4, kanye oxidizing asidi enamandla ku ukubaluleka eliphezulu kakhulu +7.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi manganese - kuyinto metal inguqulelo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi zimbalwa ngaye. Lokhu kungenxa esitebeleni electron ukucushwa kwe-athomu, ngoba 3d-sublayer liqukethe 5 ama-electron.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko lapho manganese ibhalwe umkhakha (chemical elementi). Kanjani ukufunda isihloko Latin, siye kakade esiqokiwe - manganum. Uma sihumusha kube Russian, kuyoba "yebo, ngempela icacisa discolors". Ngakho-ke igama layo manganese liyadingeka abonise sezindawo ezaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kakhulu.

Nokho, naphezu ukuthandwa, ukuze uthole it in a ifomu okumsulwa ukusetshenziswa ephethwe kuphela ngo-1919. Lokhu kwenziwa izindlela ezilandelayo.

1. Electrolysis, umkhiqizo isivuno kuyinto 99,98%. Ngale ndlela, manganese embonini zamakhemikhali.
2. Silicothermic noma yokutakula usebenzisa silicon. Nale ndlela kukhona Fusion we Silicon kanye manganese oxide (IV), kuphumele metal okumsulwa. Isivuno imayelana 68%, ngoba kwakwakhe manganese iwukuba-kukhiqizwa ne-silicon e silicide. Le ndlela isetshenziswa embonini Metallurgical.
3. indlela Aluminothermic - operation yokutakula usebenzisa aluminium. Futhi hhayi unike isivuno eliphezulu kakhulu, manganese ingcoliswe amanyela.

Umkhiqizo metal Kubalulekile izinqubo eziningi lwenziwa yokusansimbi. Ngisho kwalokho encane manganese uyakwazi ukuthonya kakhulu izakhiwo Alloys. It is wafakazela ukuthi ancibilikisa izinsimbi eziningi, ukugcwalisa crystal yayo ngehele.

Ukuhlola kanye ukukhiqizwa lesi sici Russia lifaka lokuqala emhlabeni. Futhi, le nqubo yenziwa emazweni efana:

• China.
• ENingizimu Afrika.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Sebenzisa umkhakha

Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto akukhona ukuthi kubaluleke kuphela ebubulweni lesimbi. kodwa nakwezinye izindawo. Ngaphezu metal ngefomu okumsulwa, kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi compounds ezihlukahlukene lokhu athomu. Lumelela ayinhloko.

1. Kunezinhlobo eziningana Alloys, okuyinto, ngenxa manganese babe izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele. Ngokwesibonelo, steel Hadfield yakhe sinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba futhi iqine ukuthi yokuncibilikisa izingxenye Excavator, idwala ukucutshungulwa imishini, grinders, ibhola Mills, izakhi zempi.
2. dioxide Manganese - Electroplating oxidative ngibopha isici, isetshenziswa uma udala depolarizer.
3. compounds Abaningi manganese ayadingeka ukuze syntheses ahlukahlukene izinto eziningi eziphilayo.
4. Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate noma) isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha njengendlela agent ezinamandla isinqandakuvunda.
5. Lo msuka likhona Ukwakheka sethusi, nethusi, yakha ingxubevange ayo ngethusi, esebenza okwenza abaphehla ugesi izindiza, izindwani, kanye nezinye izingxenye.

Iqhaza yemvelo

Le mfuneko nsuku zonke manganese lomuntu liwumsebenzi 3-5 mg. Ukuntula kwalesi sakhi kuholela yokucindezela isimiso sezinzwa, ubuthongo thuthuva nokukhathazeka, isiyezi. indima yawo ayiqondakali ngokuphelele, kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi, okokuqala, it kunemtselela:

• ukukhula;
• umsebenzi nezindlala ngokobulili;
• umsebenzi hormone;
• kumiswa igazi.

Lo msuka kuyisici esihlupha bonke izitshalo, izilwane, indoda, efakazela indima yayo ebalulekile yemvelo.

Izindaba ezimnandi ngento

Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo lapho kungagcizelela ubani, futhi ukwenze kucace ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani. Lapha yibo eyisisekelo, esathola izibazi emlandweni metal.

1. Ezikhathini kulwiwa e-USSR, omunye imikhiqizo lokuqala ukuthekelisa kwaba ore oqukethe semali manganese.
2. Uma dioxide manganese ukuxuba ne potassium hydroxide kanye nitrate, bese umkhiqizo usuhlakazekile emanzini, ukuguqulwa uqale isimanga. Okokuqala, ikhambi ngeke iba luhlaza bese ukuba coloration blue zizoshintsha ngemva - Purple. Ekugcineni, okusajingijolo futhi ngeke kancane kancane iwe kwenze ensundu. Uma ingxube okuyinyakazisa, bese aphinde abuyiselwe oluhlaza futhi zonke futhi kwenzeke. Kungenxa yalesi permanganate potassium ne igama layo, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "amaminerali chameleon".
3. Uma emhlabathini ukuze kwenziwe umquba aqukethe manganese ke lesi sitshalo zizokhulisa ukukhiqiza futhi ukwandisa izinga ye-photosynthesis. Winter kakolweni okusanhlamvu uyomenzela kangcono.
4. I isinqamu enkulu rhodonite amaminerali manganese esingamathani angaba 47 futhi watholakala e Urals.
5. Kukhona ingxubevange ternary ngokuthi manganin. It yakhiwa izakhi ezifana nethusi, manganese kanye ne-nickel. Kuyinto esingavamile, it has a ukumelana enkulu kagesi, okuyinto akuxhomekile lokushisa kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya ingcindezi.

Yiqiniso, lena akuyona yonke kukhona elikushoyo ngalokhu metal. Manganese - isici zamakhemikhali, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo lapho zahlukahlukene ngempela. Ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma izakhiwo ukuthi ayinika Alloys ahlukahlukene.