Inhlamba theory (kophawu). Good - okubi. Ukuziphatha kwabantu, izenzo

Popular inhlamba theory sekukhona ekhulwini XX. wabasekeli bawo bakholelwa ukuthi umphakathi kukhona indlela ezivamile kophawu amaqembu athile emphakathini. Ngalo, ngokuvamile iningi labo walahla noma ezinye ukuphambuka kusuka ukuziphatha evamile ayibonwa.

Kubaluleka theory

Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba amanga izingxabano phakathi kwabantu. Inhlamba umbono uwukuthi kakhulu uchaza imithetho futhi mthetho kulezi zimiso unika ilebula (inhlamba). Abantu abangafuni ukulalela imithetho owamukelwa ukuziphatha ezibhekwa deviants (rejected).

Inhlamba Theory kwamiswa sibonga umsebenzi zezenhlalo eziningana edumile emhlabeni wonke: Edwin Lemerta, Howard Becker noKay Erickson. Bonke kwakungekaNkulunkulu isizukulwane efanayo ososayensi abasebenza engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX. Futhi umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela owethulwa Erving Goffman. Isici esiyinhloko salelo lo mbono ingabe umbono wokuthi izenzo ezimbi bemvelo ayiqhubeki iphila. okuqukethwe Yangaphakathi akuphazamisi ukuhlolwa. sengqondo esingaqondile kuncike kuphela leyo mithetho, okuyizinto ngokukhululekile amukela umphakathi uqobo.

ukuphambuka eyinhloko

Ngo kwabantu wamukela umbono ukuthi akukho abantu "normal" "okuvamile" futhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye kungaba babhekwe ukuziphatha kunoma iyiphi sendawo ethile. Ngakho-ke, akukho futhi abantu pathologies. Umuntu ephula imithetho yomgwaqo, umuntu okhokha intela, ezinye hooligans at likanobhutshuzwayo okufanayo.

inhlamba theory ikhomba okuthiwa ukuphambuka eyinhloko. Lawa ukwephula izindinganiso zomphakathi, okuyinto ukuthi abaleke ngaphansi ukunakwa komthetho ngenxa nje ngisahlose yayo nasendleleni enihlela ngayo izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda "okuhle", "okubi" isenzo incike imininingwane eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye imiphakathi abesifazane akuyona kuvunyelwe ukwenza lokho okungase kwenziwe ukuze umuntu, ngesikhathi amanye amazwe azikho imingcele enjalo. Futhi ngokuvamile ukuziphatha nemikhuba ehlanekezelwe kunqunywa, ngokuvumelana eyeqisayo mass. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi, amadoda bagxekwa ukubukeka effeminate nesithombe, nakuba endaweni ethile ukuziphatha okunjalo akusho sinqatshiwe. Umbandela "elihle", "okubi" kuhilela isimo senhlalo yomuntu. Kuphela esuka kubantu abahlala nezindinganiso zokuziphatha eseduze kuncike ulandele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenjongo yokuba ekuziphatheni okuthize ukugxeka.

ukuphambuka yesibili

Ifaka ilebula ku iningi womuntu kufaka nomthelela kuwo. Ukuphendula ukusabela umphakathi kwenzeka yesibili ukuziphatha ezihlanekezelwe. Umuntu wathola ilebula iba abanye umlutha wezidakamizwa, isigebengu, a bum, nokunye. D. Lokho isimo kuvimbela noma iyiphi nezinye izimfanelo ngamunye ubuntu. Abantu abaye baphila isikhathi eside njengoba uphawu, siqale ukwakha impilo yabo yonke okusekelwe lesi sici.

inhlamba theory futhi uchaza ukuziphatha ejwayelekile walabo abazithola iqembu ezihlanekezelwe. Nsuku zonke ukuzizwa ukugxekwa lonke umphakathi - i ukucindezeleka kakhulu. Kusuka kubantu ngamalebula omubi ngokuvamile jikisa abangane, nengangibajwayele ngisho nezihlobo. Okunjalo esimweni esibucayi wazibonela wonke amakhono okuhlalisana lomuntu. Yini umuntu angayenza kulesi simo? Njengomthetho, it is ezihlanganiswe iqembu babhekwe nabantu abafanayo.

Inhlamba kanye nobugebengu

elikhanyayo kakhulu isibonakaliso isimiso isebenza ngaphansi komhlaba. , Abantu abazithola kule mvelo, cishe njalo amalungu eqembu elikhulu umelana ngokwawo nayo yonke inhlangano.

Kususelwa kule iphethini, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwanda kobugebengu ngokwengxenye kwenzekani ngoba umphakathi stigmatizes abaphuli uyawalahla e niche isigebengu futhi ngaleyo ndlela akusho bazithola ejele ukubuyela ekuphileni okuvamile. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukucwaswa e yobugebengu namuhla has a lot of abalandeli. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umthetho ofanayo kuholela ukubukeka intsha nemikhutshana kuleso futhi counterculture.

Ukuphila ne ilebula

imisebenzi Iqembu abantu ukucwaswa lungeza ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni abe ezivamile ezibangela ubunye isisusa efanayo - isifiso sokuthola abangane amabhadi. Kungaba elihlelwe kahle, ngisho athola usizo isimo futhi wezenhlalakahle amakilabhu zikhutshaziwe, asebekhulile, abantu abaphethwe ukukhuluphala, nokunye. D.

Ezinye mibuthano angakhula abe okungaphezu kwalokho. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi kufanele umphakathi yabo kazwelonke ka Alcoholics Anonymous. Abazange nje ukuletha ndawonye abantu abazama ukubhekana yokulutheka. imiphakathi ezinjalo zivula amalungu abo lonke imfundiso - zokuphila entsha ezidingekayo ukuze uthole ukuphila kwami zibuyele kokujwayelekile.

Inhlamba e kwabantu futhi kungenzeka nsuku kazwelonke. Kulokhu, abantu ngokuvamile nibuthana isimiso ukusondela. Emadolobheni amakhulu, kukhona izindawo encane kazwelonke, iningi labantu okuyinto ucishe abaHlakazekile.

"Qonda"

Ngokuvamile, umuntu aba naso emphakathini kuholela yokuthi ukuthi ungubani eziphoqelelwe lomuntu zingahluka kusuka ungubani ngempela. Lokhu iphutha eshiya umbono omubi lomuntu. Umuntu onjalo engamukelekile kungalindeleka ukusekela ezimbili kuphela amaqembu abantu. Eyokuqala - ones kufanele siphile inhlamba efanayo. Mayelana nabo okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla.

Kodwa kukhona iqembu lesibili. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuqonda." Abantu abanjalo ezibhekwa umphakathi "evamile" Uwaphatha njengendodana yakhe. Nokho, bengafuni ukuthi uhlanganyele tags kwi "abanochoko". Kunalokho, "uyaqonda 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso inhlamba yenethiwekhi ngozwela. Nabo, umuntu uhlushwa ukuntula kwabo, kungaba uzizwa ukhululekile. "Kuvisisa" amahloni futhi musa ukuphoqelela lonke ukulawula umphakathi inyumbazane.

Imininingwane nge deviants

Lo mkhuba "ukuqonda" unesithakazelo ikakhulukazi Erving Goffman. Wachaza ngokuningiliziwe uhlobo ebuhlotsheni babantu incwadi yakhe, "Inhlamba". Ngokusho hypothesis yakhe, ukuze akasondele eduze ayebandlululwa somuntu ovamile kudingeka zidlule ukushaqeka sina - into uzomvumela ukubheka ezungeze iso ibeke.

Ukucwaswa kanzima ukuya contact nabantu kweminye imibuthano. Ngokwesibonelo, ingane "okubi", baxoshwa izinkampani kontanga, kungenzeka ngokuthwebula ngaye bezama ukumisa noma ibuphi ubuhlobo. Lena yemvelo ukuzivikela ngokwengqondo imvelo, ngokuba iningi ingxenye ezingezinhle. ekugcineni umuntu ngamunye asocial ilahlekelwa sociability yayo. Kancane kancane ke nzima ukuthola abantu ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nobungane ubukele womuntu ngamunye kuzodingeka silinde isikhashana bese uzama ukubonisa ubuqotho bawo. Futhi kuphela emva kwalokho uzokwazi bakwethembe ukucwaswa.

Thomas Sheff Imibono

Umqondo inhlamba kwaba omunye umsebenzi main yesayensi Thomas Sheff. mqondo yakhe eyinhloko - umphakathi phezu amalungu ayo usungula control social, amathuluzi eyinhloko okuyizinto unswinyo olubhekiswe aphambuka kwezinkambiso yamukelwe. Sheff baqhubeka Ukuhlolwa ezazingaphambi kwayo. It LESIGCONO theory Becker abathintekayo kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Sheff wafunda lo mkhuba ukucwaswa ngombono yabo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, wafundiswa eziningi inkinga yokugula ngengqondo futhi ushintsho yabo isikhala ekuchumana. Eqinisweni, Scheff exhumene kwengqondo kwabantu.

I asalile ukuphambuka

Ngo umsebenzi Thomas Sheff inhlamba theory zaphenduka imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphambuka asalile. Umbhali babekholelwa ukuthi izifo eziningi engqondo - umphumela wokusabela kwezenhlalo kanye kukhethwa umuntu. Lesi sitatimende impikiswano - omunye naletintfo theory ezibucayi nomphakathi. Sheff umqondo weza ngemuva rethinking izindinganiso zomphakathi.

isiko Contemporary libhekene yokuthi bonke abantu kusikhala esifanayo kwamasiko kufanele wabe cishe engqondweni efanayo. Le mithetho awashintsheki ku ukuziphatha kwabantu ebuntwaneni ngemfundo. Ukuze ingane ukuzivumelanisa emphakathini, abazali kanye nokugxilisa kuyo yonke zengqondo nemikhuba ezibhekwa ezidingekayo ukuze uphile ukuphila okugculisayo emphakathini. "Kubi," ingane ingase senqabe lemi izimpawu zendawo, bese-ke kuvela ukuthi ngaphandle kwesiyingi ontanga zokuxhumana. Isimiso esifanayo usebenza nabantu abadala.

Nature ngeziphambeko

Ngo izincwadi zayo kanye izihloko Sheff waveza ukuthi ukugula ngengqondo - it is kuphela kuveza isenzo oluthandwa yamanani. Namuhla, lo mbono has a lot of izitha. Sheff enqabe khona ukuqaphela zempilo yengqondo iqiniso ngokomzimba. Lokho "angahlangani" - ukukhetha bayazi, njengoba umkhuba ukubingelela abanye ajwayelekile.

UMdali imfundiso yokuziphendukela resonance wayegxila ukubaluleka zokukhwabanisa nomphakathi yonke imizwelo yabantu. Kwenta sibonelo, bafundzi njalo sibhekene ukungalandelani ngalokho bafuna nokuthi yini avunyelwe futhi akuvumelekile. Ngokuqinisekile indlela yabo ukuveza ukungeneliseki kwabo liyakhala. Kancane kancane, izingane kumele zikhumule izindinganiso zokuziphatha ukuthi ukugxilisa abazali.

Ngezinye ngeziphambeko imingcele yabo kucace ukuthi uwahlukanise kusukela kuyinsakavukela. Ukuze alondoloze lokhu ubuhlobo, umphakathi njalo ukhumbuza yena okuhle nokubi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuthelevishini nasemaphephandabeni njalo ukuphathwa samanje nokweba, nokubulala kanye namanye amacala. Abantu nsuku zonke asikhumbuza ukonakala ubugebengu athwale icala lephula imithetho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye ososayensi bezenhlalo manje ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi umphakathi willingly unwillingly azigcina kuka, ukudala evundile okungamila kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ejele kungasizi umuntu ukuba bangayeki ukuziphatha kwakhe ezihlanekezelwe. Kunalokho, lowo okonile kuyinto esitokisini ezenza ukuthi ukhonza njengelungu esikhundleni Ubunye babantu kusuka emhlabeni lobugebengu.

Inhlamba nemizwelo

Kubantu abadala, njengoba nje umzwelo maqondana inhlamba kuyizinto yokuziqhenya futhi amahloni. Labo ukusabela zemvelo ziyingxenye impendulo unswinyo nomphakathi. Kulokhu kuba ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka ukukhushulwa nsuku zonke futhi enqabela. Unswinyo ungase ucabange. Nabalawuli namahloni futhi ukuziqhenya umuntu afakwe ngaleso sikhathi, lapho sebebodwa futhi ayikho ngaphansi ukugxeka ngqo emphakathini.

Shame edonsa enye imizwelo - intukuthelo. Nokusakazwa walemizwa ababili ngezigaba ezintathu. Okokuqala ukubhujiswa isibopho kwezenhlalo, bese kufika ukwephulwa yokuxhumana futhi, ekugcineni, konke uphela ukungqubuzana abantu. ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi lo mthetho circle ngonya okuyinto kungenakwenzeka ukuba ubaleke, ngaphandle kokushintsha indlela oziphatha ngayo. Ngezinye ojatshuliswa ojulile ihlazo ngokuvamile amabhulokhi ukubuyisela ubuhlobo nomphakathi "okuvamile" futhi ukucwaswa. Ngokuvamile kukwenza uzizwe ukuphendula bokuhlukaniswa.

Ukucindezeleka babhekwe

Lapho ukucwaswa e umuntu ethola ilebula, ngokuvamile ukucindezeleka. impande yawo itholakala yokuntuleka ubudlelwane okunokwethenjelwa nomphakathi. Sibekezele ocindezelekile laba oxhumana nabo ezibalulekile ukuze uphile ukuphila okugculisayo ubhujiswe. Lesi simo kwenzeka njenge- nqubekela okunengqondo bokuhlukaniswa ukucwaswa yibo bonke umphakathi.

Eyisisekelo umuzwa sokulahlwa umuntu, njengoba umthetho, kuyihlazo, hhayi intukuthelo noma ukudabuka. Izimpawu zaso kukhona ukuziphatha ungaqiniseki izwi elithambile, kuhlangana kwemehlo kugwenywe, ukukhathazeka wokuhlehlisa izinto nokugcina ukuzibeka icala.